What is community health and public health?

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There are 21 discussions and for each one the requirements are the same.
Instructions:
Answers must:
Be 100 words or more
Use the stand English grammar and spelling
References are cited (if necessary)
Discussion 1: Case Study
Chapter 1: The Journey Begins: Introduction to Community
Health Nursing
The nursing student is attending a 1-day orientation at the agency to learn about
community health nursing. The nurse is reviewing that community health nursing
has opportunities and challenges to keep the nurse interested and involved in a
community-focused career for a lifetime. The presenter has provided the students
with a list of questions about what was learned during the day. The student nurses
each have to prepare a 3-minute presentation for the question assigned to them
1. What is community health and public health?
2. What is meant by the concept of community?
3. What are the differences among the three levels of prevention?
4. What are the eight characteristics of community health nursing?

Discussion 2: Case Study
Chapter 14
Theoretical Basis of Community/Public Health Nursing
Public health nursing is a community-oriented, population-focused nursing specialty
that is based on interpersonal relationships. The unit of care is the community or
population rather than the individual, and the goal is to promote healthy
communities. The community health nurse has been assigned to count and
interview homeless people sleeping in the local park to help in identifying programs
to provide food, clothing, shelter, health care, and job training for the population.
The community health nurse has to consider the eight principles of public health
nursing in community health nursing practice when completing the assignment
1. There are essential characteristics of nursing service when a community is
the client. Describe community-oriented, population-focused care, and
relationship-based care. What type of care is been completed by the
community health nurse who has been assigned to count and interview
homeless people sleeping in the local park to help in identifying programs to
provide food, clothing, shelter, health care, and job training for the
population?
2. The goals of public health nursing, to promote and protect the health of
communities, are facilitated by adhering to eight principles identified by the
American Nurses Association (2007) for public health nursing practice. The
community health nurse has to consider the eight principles of public health
nursing in community health nursing practice when completing the
assignment with homeless individuals. What are the eight principles?
3. There are numerous models of nursing practice that can be utilized in
community health nursing practice. Theories and models of
community/public health nursing practice aid the nurse in understanding the
rationale behind community-oriented care. What are five of these models of
nursing practice with a brief summary of the model?

Discussion 3: Case Study
Chapter 3
Setting the Stage for Community Health Nursing
At the community health care agency, the assigned nurse reviews with the assigned
student the conceptual foundations and core functions of community health practice
that are integrated into the various roles and settings of community health nursing.
After working at the agency for the day, the student has to prepare an oral report
to present to the class the next day.
1. What are the three core public health functions that are basic to community
health nursing?
2. There are seven different roles of the community health nurse. What are the
seven different roles of the community health nurse?
3. The role of manager is a critical role for the community health nurse. What is
involved in the role of manager within the framework of public health nursing
functions?
4. There are seven settings in which community health nurses practice. What
are the seven settings and provide a brief description of the settings in which
community health nurses practice?

Discussion 4: Case Study
Chapter 4
Evidence-Based Practice and Ethics in Community Health
Nursing
The student nurse starts the day with the community health nurse with a discussion
about the implementation of evidence-based practice. The nurse reviews with the
student the importance of including appropriate research and evidence-based
practice principles each day during the daily visits. The community health nurse
emphasizes the importance of looking at one’s own values since the student nurse
will encounter various individuals in the community health setting. The community
health nurse asks the student nurse to review the key human values that influence
a client’s health.
1. The community health nurse asks the student nurse to explain what is
involved in evidence-based practice. What are the necessary steps in the
process of evidence-based practice that the nurse should include in the
discussion with the community health nurse?
2. What does implementation of evidence-based practice enable the community
health nurse to do in the community?
3. Research has what significant impact on community health and nursing
practice?
4. Values and ethical principles strongly influence community health nursing
practice and ethical decision-making. What function do values hold in clinical
practice in the community health setting?
5. What three human values influence client health that the community health
nurse must consider?

Discussion 5: Case Study
Chapter 18
Theoretical Basis for Promoting Family Health
The family as the unit of service has received increasing emphasis in nursing over
the years. Today, family nursing has an important place in nursing practice,
particularly in community health nursing. The community health nurse is reviewing
with the student nurses the key concepts about the theoretical basis for family
health. The students are being asked questions about family characteristics and the
stages of the family life cycle.
1. Families share universal characteristics with every other family. These
characteristics provide an important key to understanding each family’s
uniqueness. What are five of the most important family characteristics that
community health nurses must recognize and consider in their practice?
2. The community health nurse is sitting in a living room talking with a young
mother about her new infant. The community nurse finds it is difficult to keep
in mind that all the other family members are present by way of their
influence. Systems theory offers some insights about how families operate as
social systems. Knowing the attributes of living systems or open systems can
help strengthen understanding of family structure and function. What are five
attributes of open systems that help explain how families function?
3. The community health nurse is sitting in a living room talking with a young
mother about her new infant. There are two broad stages in the family life
cycle. What are the two broad stages in the family life cycle and what stage
is this young mother with a new infant?
4. In US society, certain social institutions help perform some aspects of
traditional family functions. What are the six functions that are typical of
American families today and are essential for the maintenance and promotion
of family health?

Discussion 6: Case Study
Chapter 7
Epidemiology in Community Health Care
The community health nurse is reviewing several epidemiologic research studies
with student nurses that are beginning a 6-month community health rotation.
Epidemiology offers community health nurses a specific methodology for assessing
the health of aggregates. The nurse has requested that the student participate in a
semester long epidemiologic research study
1. Why is it important that community health nurses review epidemiologic
research?
2. What are the seven steps that student nurses must consider when
participating with the community health nurse in the epidemiologic research
study?
3. The goals of epidemiologic investigation are to identify the causal
mechanisms of health and illness states and to develop measures for
preventing illness and promoting health. Epidemiologists employ an
investigative process that involves a sequence of three approaches that build
on one another. What are the three investigate approaches?
4. The community health nurse has been requested to figure out the prevalence
rate and the incidence rate of influenza for a 1-month period of time. There
were 1,000 students who reported flu-like symptoms during 1 month in a
population of 5,000 students at the local community college, and during the
same month, 500 individuals developed influenza. What is the prevalence
rate and incidence rate?

Discussion 7: Case Study
Chapter 6
Structure and Economics of Community Health Services
Many factors and events have influenced the current structure, function, and
financing of community health services. Understanding this background gives the
community health nurse a stronger base for planning for the health of the
population. A group of student nurses have been requested to present a 1 hour in
service to the local health department on the structure and economics of
community health services as part of the community health nursing course
requirements. The presentation has to include information about a variety of topics.
1. What are the key historical events and philosophical developments that have
led to today’s health services delivery systems?
2. What are the differences between the functions of public versus private
sector health care agencies?
3. What are the three core functions of public health as they apply to health
service delivery?
4. There are several trends and issues that have influenced community health
care financing and delivery that are important in understanding health care
economics and helping to improve community health. What are some of
these trends and issues?
5. In what important ways has the changing nature of health care financing
adversely affected community health nursing and its practice?

Discussion 8: Case Study
Chapter 16
Global Public Health Nursing: Population Health Around the
Globe
Community health nurses work with populations that vary from country to country,
and to serve them appropriately requires an understanding of the ways in which the
context in which they are located interacts with their health status and health
histories. Student nurses are spending a month in Africa reviewing global health
and international community health nursing.
1. The student nurses are required to examine the population in Africa to assess
the kinds of health conditions the population experiences. What is the
context and framework for delivering community-based nursing within the
context of international community health nursing?
2. The student nurses are examining the population to assess the kinds of
health conditions the African population experience. The international
community health nurses suggest using the three eras and the three P’s as
helpful guides in this assessment. What are the three eras and the three P’s
that the student nurses need to consider?
3. What major international, national, regional, and local organizational
structures and organizations affect the ways in which community health
nursing is practiced?

Discussion 9: Case Study
Chapter 23
Adult Women and Men
The school nurse is preparing for a week long community health nurse rotation. The
preparation includes reviewing and preparing a brief summary about common
issues affecting adult women and men. The community health nurse is going to ask
the student key questions to ensure that proper preparation for the rotation has
been completed.
1. The 20th century saw a shift in the leading causes of death from
communicable diseases to noncommunicable diseases. Currently, what are
the five leading causes of death in adults?
2. Chronic illness is an issue of increasing concern for both men and women as
life expectancies increase. What are the three levels of prevention and
activities that community health nurses should consider in order to promote
health across the adult women and men life span?
3. The student nurse visits a woman’s home with the community health nurse.
What are some important facts that the community health nurse and student
nurse can share with this woman to help raise awareness regarding heart
disease?
4. The community health nurse has to do a short program in the local senior
center on mortality from unintentional injuries in the United States. The
student nurse shares some key facts about mortality from unintentional
injuries in the United States based on age. What is the top unintentional
injuries mortality among adult groups?

Discussion 10: Answers the following questions: How do you feel when you look at the photos in this lesson? What are some of the first thoughts that come to your mind? LOOK AT ATTACHED FILE.

Discussion 11: Answer the following questions: What is a Change Agent? How do you envision yourself as an Agent of Change? Before you answer the question above, consider the various roles we have already studied, the population that you served, your area of expertise in your practice, and your own unique talents.
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an hour ago
Discussion 12: Case Study Chapter 13 Policy Making and Community Health Advocacy It is very important that community health nurses provide not only input to policy circles through advocacy but also leadership at decision-making tables. The community health nurse is reviewing an online in-service program on the importance of this role in providing an essential influence and unique perspective in health care. 1. Seasoned advocates have developed skills in influencing policy decisions. Some individuals use the “ten commandments of lobbying.” What are the basic ideas that are inherent to advocates? 2. The community health nurse needs to know something about the forces shaping health policy and the policy process in order to be in a better position to influence policy outcomes. What are the three components of Kingdon’s framework for policy analysis?

Discussion 13: Case Study Chapter 5 Transcultural Nursing in the Community Community health clients belong to a variety of cultural groups. To gain acceptance, nurses must strive to introduce improved health practices that are presented in a manner consistent with clients’ cultural values. The student nurse is going to visit two different homes with the community health nurse with different cultural beliefs. 1. In preparation for the student nurse’s visits to two different homes, what five transcultural principles will assist in guiding community health nursing practice in these settings? 2. During the first visit, the student nurse has to conduct a cultural assessment by questioning the patient and observing the family dynamics. The community health nurse has requested that the student nurse assess for appropriate information in six major areas. What six major areas should the student nurse consider? 3. After the conclusion of the first visit, the community health nurse cautions the student nurse to be consciously aware of any ethnocentrism attitudes toward other cultures and the importance of cultural diversity. What is ethnocentrism and why is it so important to be conscious of cultural diversity?

Discussion 14: Case Study Chapter 9 Environmental Health and Safety Nurses are charged to incorporate knowledge of the environment into their nursing practice. Nurses are essential to improve environmental health through nursing education, research, and practice. A public health nurse incorporates an “upstream” focus in the community health position working with the community population. The community health nurse must consider the precautionary principle in the upstream focus. The nurse has to consider how the core functions of public health will be applied. 1. What strategic actions does the community health nurse need to consider as part of the upstream framework? 2. The community health nurse is using the precautionary principle in the upstream framework in the community. What is the precautionary principle and how is it applied to public health and the core functions? 3. The core functions of public health can be applied to public health nursing. What are the core functions of public health?

Discussion 15: Case Study Chapter 28 Working with the Homeless Sally Anne, aged 19, brought two children into the emergency room. The 6-month-old boy’s complaints are a cold with mild fever, fatigue, vomiting with dry coughing spells, decreased intake of cola (2 ounces every 3 hours—her version of clear liquids), one scraped diaper per 12 hours— the diaper is not soaked so Mom recycles it after scrapping off the solids. The child’s cry is weak, red eyes, sneezing moves thick mucus, prolonged cough, high-pitched noise during intake. The child’s condition did not improve over the last 24 hours. The family of three lives in the family sedan parked behind a service station due to Mom’s fear of lack of shelter safety. Turk, the 3-year-old, sports bruises on arms and legs, and a knot on his forehead. He appears semiconscious (responds to light pain), coughs when disturbed, refuses fluids and food, and pulls away from touch. Mother states that he has been sick for more than a week, but she is concerned that he has not been as fussy the last 24 hours. His skin tents when pinched. Sally Anne believes he lost weight but has not used a scale. Turk does not look adults in the eye or follow a finger point. He moans but has not communicated with words. He appears to fantasize, and finger plays violently. His fingers seem to attack each other. He does not seem to listen nor does he respond to questions. Both children are wearing dirty clothing. Mom is exhausted and asks for help with formula and diapers. Treatment: Both children kept overnight for assessment in a room with a bathroom and couch. Mother permitted to bath and wash children’s clothing after their baths. Cooling mist tent ordered. Children placed next to each other for convenience and for precautions. Social worker involved for discharge planning. The boys are placed on IVs for hydration and given clear fluids for drinking. Antibiotics are placed in the IV. 1. What information is needed for a complete assessment? 2. Will this family be worse off when released from the hospital? What community resources for homeless families could be activated in the small town? What prevents the family from falling through economic cracks that will prevent developmental assessments and treatments?

Discussion 16: Case Study Chapter 29 Issues with Rural, Migrant, and Urban Health Care Marty, a 75-year-old male, with a history of myocardial infarction called home complaining of heartburn and running out of antacids. When his daughter-in-law reminded him to maintain his rest and diet times, Marty grew angry. “Knock it off. I am doing fine despite what the doctor said. I will care for the diabetes after the harvest and I will come home as soon as I can.” Driving his combine formation with other workers for a night harvest, Marty paused at 9:45 PM for a break while the rest of the combine formation continued moving forward. Marty’s 6-year-old grandson rode in the combine with him to experience his first night harvest. No further communication was received from Marty’s combine. The boy’s mother called again at 10:00 PM with no answer. Used to “farm time” and dead space for the cell phones, she was not overly worried but was concerned about her son being out so late at night. The mother called her spouse who drove another combine in a different field to find out why the boy was not yet home. The father dispatched a truck to find Marty while the combines continued harvesting and gleaning. The truck driver found the missing combine on its side in a gully with the lights shining upward. A satellite phone was used to notify the Northern Air Ambulance and the local 911 of GPS coordinates. The volunteer flight and paramedic teams were dispatched. The Italian-made Agusta Power-109 helicopter used instruments to fly over two counties of hilly terrain. The single pilot employed night vision goggles to study the instrument panel and the radio to keep the pilot informed of ground rescue operations and hospital preparations. The flight nurses double checked the laryngoscopes, blood supplies, and jump kits while maintaining contact with the first scene arrivals. NUR4636 – Community Health Nursing Page 2 of 2 When the paramedic vehicle arrived, an employee truck was seen driving away from the combine. Marty was unconscious with a weak, irregular pulse of 100, BP of 65/48, and respirations of 26. A bruise over the right mastoid is noticed. The grandson is conscious and crying, splinted for a broken leg. His pulse is 120, BP 138/118, and respirations of 24. Purple circles are seen around his eyes. The 6- year-old complains of a headache and calls for his mother. 1. How will the nurse gather needed information to effect a successful rescue? 2. What travel and emergency transport resources are available? 3. What rural barriers to diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up resources exist? 4. What roles do rural nursing theory principles play in Marty’s health behaviors? 5. The nearest critical access hospital does not have a trauma level due to the lack of a 24-hour staff with trauma training. What types of trauma support do patient needs indicate?

Discussion 17: Case Study Chapter 11 Health Promotion: Achieving Change Through Education The community health nurse is preparing a smoking cessation program to be presented at the local high school for individuals who are thinking about quitting smoking. The community health nurse is identifying appropriate education activities that include the three domains of learning and the three stages of change. 1. The community health nurse has to consider the three stages of change in considering individual reasons to stop smoking. What are the three stages of change? 2. Planned or managed change is a purposeful, designed effort to effect improvement such as smoking cessation with the help of a change agent who is the community health nurse. What are the eight steps of planned change that the community health nurse needs to consider? 3. The community health nurse understands that encompassing strategies are the critical change strategies to consider in planning the health education program. What are the three major change strategies that must be considered by the community health nurse? 4. The community health nurse understands that the nature of learning contributes to the effectiveness of teaching on smoking cessation. The nurse needs to include the three domains of learning in the presentation. What are the three learning domains that must be considered in planning the education program?

Discussion 18: Case Study Chapter 17 Being Prepared: Impact of Disaster, Terrorism, and War Many opportunities are available for both student nurses and experienced community health nurses to become involved in emergency preparedness and response efforts. A disaster is any event that causes a level of destruction that exceeds the abilities of the affected community to respond without assistance. Disasters may be caused by natural or man-made/technologic events and may be classified as multiple-casualty incidents or mass-casualty incidents. Student nurses are developing a plan on how to approach the upcoming community-wide disaster drill. 1. What characteristics of disasters, including causation, number of casualties, scope, and intensity, should the student nurses consider? 2. What factors contribute to a community’s potential for experiencing a disaster? 3. What are the four phases of disaster management that must be included in the student nurses planning for the drill? 4. Using the levels of prevention, what is the role of the community health nurse in relations to acts of chemical, biologic, or nuclear terrorism?

Discussion 19: Case Study Chapter 8 Communicable Disease Control Knowledge of communicable diseases is fundamental to the practice of community/public health nursing because these diseases typically spread through communities of people. The community health nurse has to complete an investigation about a Salmonella outbreak in the local community that occurred from food served at a local fast-food chain . 1. Prior to contacting the individuals in the community who are affected with Salmonella for an interview, what key items must be completed by the community health nurse in the process of investigating a reportable communicable disease? 2. What key things should be considered by the community health nurse during the interviews of those individuals with Salmonella? 3. There are three modes of transmission for communicable diseases. Provide a brief description of the three modes of transmission. Which mode of transmission is involved for the Salmonella communicable disease outbreak? 4. There are several strategies used for the three levels of prevention in communicable disease control. What types of prevention methods and activities are considered to prevent communicable disease, such as Salmonella, from occurring in a community?

Discussion 20: Case Study Chapter 27 Behavioral Health in the Community The principal escorted Audrey, aged 13, an overweight girl with long blonde braids into the rural middle school nurse’s office. “Ms. Schmitz will help you, Audrey.” The principal signaled for the girl to sit down and then handed Ms. Schmitz, RN, a note and left. The note bulleted three lines: “Disruptive, fighting, teacher requests a home visit.” Ms. Schmitz extended a wet facecloth while assessing Audrey’s appearance. Audrey wiggled on the wooden chair wearing torn and too small clothing, tennis shoes with holes, and a full backpack. “Place this on your eyes, and see if it helps.” The crying child’s tongue poked out the right side of her mouth and she swallowed several times as she reached for the cloth. “Are you hurt?” asked the nurse. Audrey shook her head. “I have a sore throat though.” She shrugged her shoulders. “I wish I were dead. I could jab a pencil in my eye and bleed to death. That would fix them.” “You sound pretty upset. Tell me what happened.” “Brian made fun of my tics. I can’t help it. I am so tired of people laughing at me, my clothes and my mother. I hit him with a book because he wouldn’t stop. I bet he never thought I would hit him. I am not a bully, Brian is.” A fresh bout of sobbing doubled the girl in half. The nurse read Audrey’s health record. Learning disabilities, ADHD, Tourette’s disorder, prenatal drug exposure, R. 20/80 and L. 20/100 vision, a normal scoliosis screening, and free lunch eligibility. The nurse searched for a telephone number. “I need to call your mother.” The school secretary said, “There is no phone. I can give you the case worker’s contact.” “Momma is sick,” said Audrey and swallowed. “She won’t answer the door”. 1. What will be included in the school nurse’s assessment plan? 2. What resources should be explored?

Discussion 21: Case Study Chapter 20 Violence Affecting Families Crisis is a temporary state of severe disequilibrium for persons who face a threatening situation. The community health nurse has been requested to follow up on domestic violence cases as part of the workload. The student nurse is accompanying the community health nurse on the visits. The community health nurse is assessing the student nurse’s current understanding of violence affecting families by asking some theoretical questions concerning this critical issue. 1. The student nurse shares with the community health nurse that a crisis is a state that individuals can neither avoid nor solve with their usual coping abilities and occurs when some force disrupts normal functioning, thereby causing a loss of balance or normalcy in life. Crises create tension; subsequently, efforts are made to solve the problem and reduce the tension. The community health nurse asks the student nurse to identify and describe the two main types of crisis. What is a brief description of the two types of crisis? 2. The community health nurse has to follow up on an abuse case involving a child and adolescent. The community health nurse asks the student nurse what are the ages that child abuse occurs and how is shaken baby syndrome or Munchausen syndrome diagnosed? 3. Community health nurses use three levels of prevention when working with families. What type of focus is involved in the three levels of prevention? 4. People in crisis need and often seek help. Crisis intervention builds on these two phenomena to achieve its primary goal—reestablishment of equilibrium. What are the two major methods with a brief description of crisis intervention?

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