Respond to 2 replies of at least 150-250 words by 11:59 p.m. ET on Sunday of the assigned
Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 3 scholarly
citations in current APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation(s) in
current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.
Acceptable sources include scholarly articles, academic books, current affairs events, the
textbook, the Bible, etc.
EACH REPLY SHOULD HAVE ITS OWN REFFERENCE LIST OF ATLEAST THREE REFFERENCES
Post 1 Stephanie
The conflicts in the Mediterranean were happening well before Thomas Jefferson became involved with the issue. Nau (2015) describes Jefferson’s initial response to the terror caused by the Barbary Pirates in the Mediterranean as “an independent effort to negotiate with the Barbary states to protect American shipping.” In that, Jefferson attempted to utilize diplomacy, pulling from his previous Ambassador role, to communicate directly with a representative of the pirates; however, his attempt failed at resolving the ongoing issue (Nau 2015). Following this failed attempt, Jefferson began campaigning to gain support in strengthening the naval forces to address the pirates at sea. Jefferson’s immediate response to attempt a diplomatic resolution is admirable and should be respected. His follow-up response was indictive of his strategic foreign policy approach.
According to Nau (2015), Jefferson was successful in obtaining the funds and support to create the U.S. Navy during one of his “first acts as Secretary of State.” However, when Jefferson became the President, he continued to face the threat of the Barbary pirates. Bickford and Hendrickson (2021) explain that once Jefferson became President, he began exploring the constitutional limitations of the President’s position, ultimately to determine whether he had the authority and power to act against the pirates. Jefferson seemed to have suddenly switched from a diplomatic perspective toward a more defensive point of view after his initial attempts were unsuccessful. As Bickford and Hendrickson (2021) convey, Jefferson took matters into his own hand, interpreting his constitutional rights as President differently than others, and sent the U.S. Navy to address the problem through force.
Scholars like Bickford and Hendrickson (2021) question why Jefferson felt that he had the ability to make these types of decisions by himself. The answer to this is complex. In the early years of this country, the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution was still developing, thus Jefferson applied his viewpoint to the authorities granted to the President. As a result of this application, Jefferson determined that he, as the Commander-in-Chief, had the authority to make decisions regarding the armed forces without collaborating with the other branches of the government. It is quite an interesting situation, as we often see conflict-related situations play out on the television screen or through our social media feeds – but in that time, decisions were made so differently.
Furthermore, according to Nau (2015), “Jefferson viewed the Barbary threat not in territorial terms but in terms of his expansive view of the rights of nations to trade at sea.” In that, Jefferson’s intervention and bolstering of the U.S. Navy was not just to protect U.S. interests, but to also support the concept of transnational commerce. We often overlook trade as an aspect of foreign policy and as a mechanism that supports liberty, but the biblical worldview of trade concepts is clearly outlined in Ecclesiastes chapter 11. “Ship your grain across the sea, after many days you may receive a return. Invest in seven ventures, yes, in eight; you do not know what disaster may come to the land,” Ecclesiastes 11:1-2 (NIV). In this verse, we see the encouragement for open, international trade ventures, thus adding to the biblical undertone for Jefferson’s eventual focus on supporting the commerce aspect of the situation.
POST 2 Evelyn
The First Era of Globalization: The first era of globalization is generally considered to have occurred from the 17th century to the mid-19th century (Parker, G. (2008). During this time, the world saw increased trade, commerce, and cultural exchange between nations. The decision-making of the era was driven by mercantilism, an economic theory that held that a country’s wealth and power were directly tied to its level of economic production. This led to European colonial expansion as countries sought to control resources and markets. Diplomacy was used to advance state interests and resolve conflicts between nations. This period saw a significant increase in economic and cultural exchange, as well as the spread of Christianity and European ideas and technologies.
The first era of globalization significantly impacted the world’s political and economic landscape and led to modern-day imperialism and colonialism, including capitalism (Cox, M., & Stokes, D. (2018).
Critics of the Jeffersonian strategy: argue that it can result in a lack of leadership and response to global threats and neglect of U.S. interests abroad. They say that this hands-off approach can lead to instability and leave the U.S. vulnerable to attack from foreign adversaries (Jefferson, 1950).
Globalization: Globalization refers to the world’s increasing interconnectedness due to advancements in communication and transportation technology. It has led to greater interdependence between countries and has facilitated the flow of goods, services, information technology, and people across borders. The meaning of globalization is complex and multifaceted, encompassing economic, political, social, and cultural aspects (Course Presentation 2018).
Foreign Policy Decision-Making Models: Foreign policy decision-making models are frameworks used to understand and analyze a country’s foreign policy. Three significant models are realist, liberal, and constructivist. The realist model emphasizes state power and self-interest, while the liberal model emphasizes international cooperation and the promotion of democratic values. The constructivist model recognizes the role of ideas and norms in shaping state behavior (Masters, J. (2022),
Foreign Policy Tools: Foreign policy tools are the means used by a country to achieve its foreign policy goals. These include diplomacy, economic sanctions, military intervention, and cultural exchange. The choice of tool depends on the specific situation and the desired outcome.
For example, diplomacy is used to negotiate and resolve conflicts, while economic sanctions pressure another country to change its behavior. Military intervention may be a last resort when other tools have proven ineffective (McCormick et al. 2014).
Jeffersonian Strategy: The Jeffersonian strategy for liberty was characterized by a belief in democracy and free trade and an opposition to monarchies and empires. Thomas Jefferson served as the third President of the United States and was a strong advocate for this strategy. He used diplomacy and economic pressure in his fight against the Barbary pirates who dominated the seas but ultimately had to resort to military force (Communication Professionals date, accessed 2/2/2023).
Thomas Farr Lecture: The Thomas Farr Lecture will focus on the relationship between religion and international relations and the role of religious freedom in foreign policy. The lecture would explore how religious beliefs and practices shape state behavior and the international system and how the protection of religious liberty can impact foreign policy decisions (Thomas Farr (2020)
Website on John Adams:
The website on John Adams would examine his leadership qualities and how they influenced his foreign policy decisions. John Adams was the second President of the United States and played a significant role in shaping the country’s early foreign policy. The website would highlight his commitment to the principles of liberty and democracy, as well as his dedication to promoting the national interest (Masters, J. (2022), (Adams, John, 1735-1826)
Website on America’s Founders and Foreign Policy Principles: The website on America’s founders and foreign policy principles would provide an overview of the fundamental beliefs of the founding fathers on sovereignty, national interests, and the role of liberty in shaping foreign policy decisions. The website would explain how these principles shaped the country’s foreign policy in the first era of globalization. (YouTube · Hillsdale College ·2022)
Politicians: in the first era of globalization, played a significant role in shaping the international political and economic landscape through their actions, policies, and diplomatic efforts. Their leadership and decisions helped to shape the trajectory of globalization and had lasting impacts on the world’s political and economic landscape. (Nau et al. 2015)
The bible verse in the book of Daniel 7:9-14;1-6: New International Version (NIV)
A Christian statesman, therefore, is someone whose commitment to Christ and love of country compel them to stand for truth and righteousness in government. “Daniel was also given a position of prominence in the successive governments of Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, and Darius. Though Daniel was favored and honored by various kings, his ministry at the highest levels of government was characterized by humility and a complete lack of interest in personal power or prestige.” Such a person recognizes that individuals and nations must ultimately give account to God and depend on Him for prosperity and success. Politicians such as explorers, monarchs, and politicians played a critical role in establishing trade networks, colonies, and diplomatic relationships that facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. Through their actions and policies, they helped shape the international political and economic system, set the stage for modern globalization, and continue to influence American foreign policy to this day (Folarin, S. (2017).
