Explain how Corona Virus and peoples restrictions to interact brings hype to the Metaverse.
A literature review is completed by a person engaged in formal academic research as an intermediate step to completing their research project. This assignment requires you to perform extensive research so as to provide context for the study you will later conduct (in your case, the final research paper). The literature review should summarize, evaluate, and synthesize existing scholarship related to your research question. In doing so, the Literature Review will provide a theoretical base for your research and help you further determine the direction of your own study.
Prior to completing the literature review, students have created an annotated bibliography. The annotations used to create the bibliography can serve as the basis for the summary and evaluation for the literature review; however, the new component is the synthesis of this existing scholarship. In addition to the work you have already done, you will be asked to make connections, conduct causal analysis, identify trends, establish patterns, and compare and contrast ideas presented in the scholarship you’ve been reading.
Purpose:
Literature reviews are a common intermediate step in longer projects that require research. The purpose of the literature review is to provide a foundation for your future study. By completing this work, you will further define your research interest and question, deepen research skills, consider the writing conventions associated with the topic(s)/field(s) in which you are writing, conduct analysis of journal articles, and synthesize scholarly sources into subtopics.
Genre:
Literature Reviews require writers to explore the existing scholarship that has been completed relative to their research question/topic. Rather than using the literature as support for an argument you are making (like a traditional “research” paper, which will come later in this semester), you will instead work to summarize and synthesize the arguments of other writers without adding your opinion. While some of the conclusions you draw will likely align to your current stance/bias on the issue, you are encouraged to be as diplomatic as possible while synthesizing the information you gather and the conclusions you draw. Synthesizing sources requires you to intertwine academic texts by themes. In short, synthesis is an act of finding links and articulating connections or deviations between various academic sources to make a point.
At the same time, Literature Reviews do follow some of the conventions of traditional academic papers, such as the inclusion of an introduction (provides topic of the review and organizational pattern of the body), a body (provides your discussion of sources and is organized thematically), and a conclusion (discusses what you have learned from completing this review about your research question.)
Writing in the first-person style (use of “I”) is NOT appropriate for this essay.
Requirements:
Determine 4-5 themes, subtopics, or main ideas related to your research question that appear in the scholarship you have been reading;
Draft a complete essay that includes an introduction (1-3 paragraphs), body (4-7 pages) and conclusion (1-2 paragraphs);
Organize the body of your paper by themes or subtopics. The themes should relate to your research topic and give you a deeper understanding of the material you have read;
For each theme or subtopic, draft 1-2 pages of writing that:
Introduce and explain the theme you identified in the research;
Explore and describe the relevance of this theme to your research question;
Include citations from at least three sources that address the theme identified (you may cite each source more than once, but should aim to use between 5-10 sources);
Draw conclusions, make connections, identify causes/effects and/or compare and contrast the citations included to elaborate on the theme;
Include any other information related to this idea or theme that you think is relevant to your research.
Note: Some themes may feel more developed than others. This is fine. There will be some areas that you decide to research further, and other areas that are naturally “thinner.” What’s important is that you think about how to organize information by theme/subtopic and negotiate multiple sources in order to do so.
Articulate (model) the conventions, style, writing, and communication found in the articles you have read (ie: write in a scholastic form and use appropriate citations);
Draft clear topic sentences for each paragraph and transitions between themes (ie: avoid subheadings and use transitional vocabulary);
Consider the order in which you sequence sources within each paragraph;
MLA Format (double-spaced, 12-point font, 1” margins, and standard serif font like Times New Roman, Works Cited page);
Be 5-8 pages (approximately 1,250 – 2,000 words) in length
SAMPLE:
STUDENT NAME
COURSE INFORMATION
DATE OF ASSIGNMENT
USED WITH PERMISSION
Literature Review
Access to dental care is vital for an individual’s overall health, wellbeing, and quality of life. Dentistry is a branch of medicine consisting of studying, diagnosing, and preventing oral cavity disorders. However, individuals with disabilities are often marginalized for dental care in healthcare settings and with regards to dental treatment in particular. Some dentists are fearful and reluctant to treat patients with cognitive and physical disabilities, as they claim that those patients are often aggressive and uncooperative. However, all dentists should be equally trained to care for all individuals regardless of their physical or mental limitations. Current research on dental treatment for people with disabilities displays thematic components that relate and explains some significant themes as they arise in this literature review.
The themes identified pertain to the two parts of the research problem; factors that prevent people with cognitive and physical limitations from accessing adequate dental care and improved access to oral care. Personal and lifestyle influences, social and environmental factors, and behavioral, affective factors are the primary themes in impeding care access. Ethics and equality are the prevalent themes that explain the current gap in oral care for people with disabilities, and patient management through training and collaboration entails the intervention measures.
Patient-centered barriers may be cognitive, physical, behavioral, or affective. People with limited intellectual processing lack understanding of maintaining daily dental care like brushing their teeth or realizing they have missing teeth (Chadwick, D. et al. 7). Patients with disabilities are mentally and physically limited to live an independent and self-governing life; even tooth brushing is considered a complex task requiring a greater level of dexterity and comprehension (Wilson, N. et al.). Consequently, they are either unaware of their dental health status or are not equipped to communicate about oral health problems that they may be experiencing. While human interactions play a primary role in patient care, individualized adaptation to the conventional provision of dentistry is important to create modified treatments depending on the patient’s disability. Researchers have identified the challenges presented by treating someone where communication and even procedures need to be performed by a third person, a caregiver (Glassman et al.) The patient-centric approach is a way to establish a relation between practitioners, patients, caregivers, and their families to align decisions about the patient’s dental needs, including behavior management.
Behavioral and affective factors are both barriers and facilitators that affect daily dental care for people with disabilities. Caregivers and dentists mainly cite uncooperative and destructive behavior as significant barriers to treating and maintaining patients with disabilities’ dental health. Intellectual incapability is primarily associated with patients closing their mouths or biting on toothbrushes because they do not understand the importance of brushing or dental check-ups (Chadwick, D. et al. 10). Although dentists and dental assistants may wish to help such a vulnerable population, behavioral factors associated with cognitive disability prevent them from achieving sufficient care. Fear is a typical result for both patients and caregivers, significantly when they cannot predict how caregiving will affect them.
In a similar front to Chadwick and his coauthors’ identification of patient-centric contributors, other researchers have stipulated types of disabilities that affect various dental care procedures. Mental, visual, physical, and hearing disabilities are associated with certain conditions limiting dental procedures or contributing to communication and physical constraints (Da Rosa et al. 8). The cross-sectional frameworks among different researchers reveal both the prevalence of poor dental health in people with disabilities and the relationship of disabilities with certain dental conditions and care procedures. Consequently, information on dental services is limited to people with common disabilities like intellectual disabilities, parental reports, and aggregated findings (Balzer 122). Patient-centric factors are a prevalent cause of poor oral care, yet they are understudied. The little research that exists is fragmented, which leaves most special needs groups unaccounted for such that healthcare professionals are unaware of how to meet their needs, especially when combining other influential factors.
Social and Environmental Influences are common barriers to care. They include treatment costs, inadequate preparedness amongst caregivers and dentists, insufficient and inaccessible dental facilities, and lack of adaptation of travel means (Da Rosa et al. 8). They identify the underlying factors in the environmental influences affecting patients with disabilities. Other researchers have investigated how public transportation systems act as barriers for people with disabilities going about their daily activities. Such factors direct more attention to the fact that in addition to their already overburdened daily movements and routines, patients with disabilities struggle when accessing basic healthcare facilities. 40% of people in the United States struggle to access public transportation, and the disadvantage is significantly disproportionate for people with disabilities because they require special adaptation (Bezyak, Sabella, et al. 4). Common infrastructural barriers range from inoperable ramps, lack of wheelchair securable facilities, poor route identification, and failing to announce stops.
Therefore, a disabled individual may generally opt to stay at home instead of visiting the doctor’s office. In addition to transportation infrastructure, equipment and adaptation is an essential organizing theme under social and environmental influences. People with disabilities may hence have poor oral care because their cognitive configuration conflicts with special equipment or because they require individualized routines and adaptations.
Individualized care routines can hinder good oral health when absent, but they can facilitate good oral health when made part of daily care activities. They included manual toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes, oral hygiene training, schedule dental visits, and supervised toothbrushing (Waldron, C et al.). Although, sounds and vibrations produced by an electric toothbrush may influence the behavior and outcome of the routine. In such circumstances, a caregiver must use a manual soft toothbrush to avoid aggravating the patient. Strategies such as verbal or observational reminders, coaxing, encouragement, and promising rewards have been cited as the most effective in getting people with disabilities to undertake oral care (Chadwick, D. et al.10). For instance, although an intellectually challenged person may lack awareness of the need to undertake oral care activities, caregivers can facilitate it through daily reminders and instruction. People with cognitive limitations hardly deviate from everyday routines; hence such activities should be incorporated into their daily planned activities. Individualized care routines can be implemented daily by caregivers to help disabled patients minimize the need to seek ongoing dental treatment.
Caregivers, including paid care and family members, play a vital role in maintaining the oral health of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, particularly when they require assistance with core activities (Wilson, N. et al.). Caregivers primarily offer support for oral care through observational support strategies and direct assistance, unlike dentists who are hardly trained to provide care for patients with disabilities. Most caregivers receive training to support the special needs of people with extraordinary vulnerability (Glassman et al. 846). Oral hygiene practices require a person to have relevant capabilities and motivation to perform the necessary routines; to achieve the standard of care needed, it may require the supports of others (Waldron C.). Unlike patient-centric factors, social and environmental influences are facilitators that improve oral health when present. Helping providers make ethical decisions when it comes to adequate dental treatments.
Ethics and equality are principles for every healthcare provider to render the appropriate care. Like the rest of the United States, some dentists in New York are barely prepared to care for patients with disabilities. Although oral health practitioners do not need to familiarize themselves with every condition that a patient can present with, intersecting research shows a need to train interprofessional healthcare teams to increase the population of consultants who can handle patients with disabilities (Glassman et al. 846). Sometimes lack of training influences a practitioner to opt for comprehensive treatments such as cleanings, radiographs, and other simple procedures under sedation. Many patients with cognitive and physical limitations struggle to tolerate in-office dental procedures and often need general anesthesia to be treated safely. However, research has associated anesthesia with certain risks in patients with disabilities. (Choi, J. et al.). Despite general anesthesia being a safe procedure for most patients, studies have failed to classify various patient groups. Nevertheless, people with disabilities present complex factors like underlying systemic conditions, cognitive challenges, and physical limitations that affect physiologic functioning (Messieha 22). Conditions such as the patient’s diagnosed disability, airway obstruction, respiratory impairment, and the length of the procedure under anesthesia can exacerbate the medical risks.
Despite the enactment of the equality legislation, healthcare departments are hardly preparing adequate future dentists to fulfill their obligations to all patients. Special care dentistry should exist to advocate for people with disabilities and eliminate their health disparities. However, most dentists turn away patients with impairments because they lack the knowledge and resources to treat them (Wilson, K. et al. 43). People with disabilities may have complicated underlying issues that necessitate aggressive procedures like anesthesia and sedation, but they should be treated with the necessary equity, care, and patience needed. General anesthesia may be inapplicable due to medical conditions and drug interactions, creating a need for better training and approaches (Choi and Doh 87). Dental students should be trained to treat patients with disabilities under the four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and equity. The patient’s or legal guardians’ decisions should be respected, the moral obligation to act for the benefit of others, a commitment not to inflict harm, and to equitably distribute justifiable benefits, risk, cost, and resources.
Patients’ management identifies the contributing factors and ethical issues of oral healthcare for people with disabilities; the New York healthcare sector needs intervention measures to help achieve healthcare goals. Currently, surveys indicate that dental care is only available to high-income families. Vulnerable groups like people with disabilities only receive care when they have advanced pain and disease (Glassman et al., 847). System-based approaches are necessary to address the needs of special needs groups and eliminate the inequalities encountered by patients with physical and mental challenges. Systems development, training, and human resources are the most effective areas through which intervention measures can achieve the best outcomes.
Policy discussions are necessary to enact patient management measures that do not promote unequal treatment of people with disabilities. Similar measures that can improve better access to care have been discussed in the evaluated research articles. Training has been proposed for undergraduate dentistry students, dentists, primary caregivers, allied healthcare practitioners, and dental hygienists (Wilson, K. et al. 10). Disseminating knowledge prevents dental problems from escalating to the point where dental surgery is necessary. Having an adequate workforce also increases the number of qualified people who can take care of patients with disabilities and devote attention to ensuring their welfare, unlike the current insufficient and pressured workforce (Balzer 125). The systematic development of change will result in skilled and enough personnel and subsequent care coordination and specialized facilities.
Conclusion
Dental treatment for people with disabilities in New York is a detrimental subject that requires careful handling. People with physical, mental, and acquired disabilities have the most significant oral health care disparities compared to others. These disparities are further exacerbated by the fact that there is incomplete and fragmented research on the prevalence and impact on their oral health. Research indicates that people with physical and cognitive limitations present the most untreated oral conditions because of the perceived difficulty and complexity of treating them compared to the general population and their poor accessibility to dentistry services. Many factors such as personal and lifestyle influences and social and environmental factors act as barriers and facilitators of inadequate access to oral healthcare for people with disabilities in New York.
Although interventional measures are relatively understudied in literary scholarship, several studies have attempted to investigate and recommend policies that can improve dental facilities’ access to people with disabilities. It suggests that all structures should be adjusted to fit the disabled patient’s dental treatment needs. Therefore, the critical subject of equity in dental care requires efforts from all relevant parties to attain quality oral dental care for all individuals with disabilities.
Works Cited
Balzer, Jay. “Improving systems of care for people with special needs: the ASTDD best practices project.” Pediatric dentistry, vol.29, no. 2, 2007, pp. 123-128.
Bezyak, Jill L., Scott A. Sabella, and Robert H. Gattis. “Public transportation: an investigation of barriers for people with disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies, vol. 28, no. 3, 2017, pp. 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044207317702070
Chadwick, Darren, Chapman, Melanie, and Davies, Gill. “Factors affecting access to daily oral and dental care among adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, vol. 31, no. 3, 2018, pp. 1-16. DOI: 10.1111/jar.12415
Choi, Junglim, and Re-Mee, Doh. “Dental treatment under general anesthesia for patients with severe disabilities.” Journal of dental anesthesia and pain medicine, vol. 21, no. 2, 2021, pp. 87-98. https://dx.doi.org/10.17245%2Fjdapm.2021.21.2.87
Da Rosa, Saulo V., et al. “Barriers in Access to Dental Services Hindering the Treatment of People with Disabilities: A Systematic Review.” International journal of dentistry, vol. 2020, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9074618
Glassman, Paul, et al. “Interprofessional collaboration in improving oral health for special populations.” Dental Clinics, vol. 60, no. 4, 2016, pp. 843-855.
Messieha, Zakaria. “Risks of general anesthesia for the special needs dental patient.” Special Care in Dentistry, vol. 29, no. 1, 2009, pp. 21-25.
Waldron Catherine., et al. “Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 31;5(5): CD012628. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd012628.pub2
SOURCES I’M USING: Annotated Bibliography
Friedman, Vanessa. “What to Wear in the Metaverse.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 20 Jan. 2022,
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/20/style/metaverse-fashion.html.
This article is written by Vanessa Friedman and was published in the New York Times. The purpose of this article is to explain what the metaverse is and how fashion is going to work in the Metaverse. One thing that it explained was that the Metaverse is “a fully realized digital world that exists beyond the one in which we live” We are entering a new reality where anyone can come into. We will be able to see a brand new existence and new life. Dressing in the metaverse is going to be very different than in real life because its not physical appearance. They got there from focusing on the types of style that is going to be used there. The main idea here is to explain what the Metaverse is and how we’re going to do regular life tasks, like getting dressed, in this new world and how its going to change the way we do things.
The type of source that this is is a news article.The way it relates to my research is that not only does it give an introduction on what the Metaverse essentially is, it also gives insight on how doing things in the Metaverse is very different than physically doing them in the real world. There are no biases in this article, as my goal is to explain what the Metaverse really is. Another article is talking about doing other things in the Metaverse, like buying things. So it’s very similar in the sense that in both research articles it’s showing ways to do normal things but virtually. This other article is about investment opportunities and one example of that is when someone bought a $650,000 non-physical yacht inside the Metaverse.
Hou, Felicia. “Here’s the Tech Equipment You Need to Join the Metaverse.” Fortune, Fortune, 22 Feb. 2022,
https://fortune.com/2021/12/13/tech-equipment-join-metaverse/.
This article was written by Felicia Hou and it is found on Fortune. The purpose of this article is to explain what technology you will need to actually ‘enter’ the Metaverse. ONe thing that it says is that “In October, Meta announced that it would be spending $10 billion over the next year to develop metaverse-related technologies.” This is coming to show that technology is still being developed to make it possible to become part of this new world. This article talks about the type of equipment that will need to be used to have many different important features in the Metaverse, like sight and touch. The author is concluding that in order to actually become a part of this world to make it as real as possible, there are many types of technology used to make that possible. And it’s on the way!
This source is a news article. The way it relates to my research is to show how people will become a part of this world. I want to explain how the Metaverse works and how you will ‘enter’ it and this article explains how all of that is possible. There are no biases in this article since I want to explain how entering the Metaverse works. It is not opinion based. One connection that this article has is that my first article explained what the Metaverse actually was, while this one explained how it works. It’s all to give an introduction on the topic to make the reader understand.
Opportunities in the Metaverse – Jpmorgan.com.
https://www.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm/treasury-services/documents/opportunities-in-the-metaverse.pdf?mc_cid=0b22b34707&mc_eid=a54e7b04e4.
This article doesn’t state a specific author as it is addressed by the company, JP Morgan, as a whole. is found on the Onyx by JP Morgan. The purpose of this source is to explain what the Metaverse is and what opportunities it will bring to businesses and people in general. In the article it mentions: “Now, workers in low-income countries, for example, may be able to get jobs in western companies without having to emigrate.” This explains how the Metaverse isn’t only giving investment opportunities but it is giving people the chance to work from anywhere. It’s giving people all sorts of different opportunities that no one realizes. This article is talking about what the Metaverse is, the technology it’s going to be using, what opportunities it will bring for everyone, and why it will be very popular during this time in particular. The author is showing all the facts and details on the Metaverse so people can understand how it’s going to affect them in the future in business, socializing, and living.
The type of source that this article is is a trade publication. This article in itself has all the information I need for my research. It speaks about the Metaverse and what it is and what it will bring to the world. It talks about how Covid will bring the world to a more digital age. It brings many effects of the Metaverse and how it will impact us in the future. The bias is that it goes way more into detail on how the Metaverse is going to change the world as we know it. I went very basic and said it’s going to make it easier to interact with people and it goes deeper to say that this will lead to a more digital world in general. This connects to the other article that I researched on how Covid will affect the popularity of the Metaverse. It says in this article: “Meanwhile, COVID-19 accelerated the digitization of our lives and normalized more persistent and multi-purpose online engagement and communication. It is this combination of technological, social and economic drivers that is resulting in the explosive interest in the metaverse.” This is showing that Covid is making the Metaverse booming with hype around it.
Francombe, Amy. “Will the metaverse change every aspect of life as we know it?”” NYU Library, 1 Feb. 2022
https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=cs_fac.
This article is written by Amy Francombe and is found in the NYU Library. The purpose of this article is to show how the Metaverse is going to change the lives of people everywhere. One thing that this mentions is that people planned a Metaverse wedding since they could see one another during the pandemic. The article is saying that the Metaverse is going to change the way people think of the normal world today. The author is concluding that a virtual world can have meaning depending on what you do with it.
The type of source that this article is is a news source. The article relates to my research because it’s saying that the Metaverse is going to change the way people look at the world and how it’s going to become more normal. The bias that it has is that it shows both sides on how it could be possible that the Metaverse will become more of a normal reality and it shows that we can bring meaning to our lives in this new world if we do it right. It connects to another article I used for my research that talks about how Corona Virus will make people more used to a virtual world, which is why these people wanted to have a Metaverse wedding.
Collins, Chris. “Looking to the Future: Higher Education in the Metaverse.” EDUCAUSE Review, 15 Sep. 2008
https://er.educause.edu/articles/2008/9/looking-to-the-future-higher-education-in-the-metaverse.
This article is written by Chris Collins and is found on EDUCAUSE Review. The purpose of this article is to show how the Metaverse is going to change the way we do schooling and could encourage more online education. It says that in the Metaverse educators “will enable higher education institutions to provide top-notch service and instruction to students no matter where they live…” This is showing how the Metaverse will change the education process for students everywhere and become the new-and-improved educational system. The article mainly talks about how education will be pushed to a more virtual scale from the Metaverse. The author’s conclusion is that learning and educating in the Metaverse will take time and it will change the way we interact with one another.
This source is educational journalism. The article relates to my research because it’s showing that school in the Metaverse will become more normal and students will get more used to it because of Corona Virus and online schooling on Zoom. There are no biases in this article. This article connects to the other article that I researched where it spoke about doing business on a more virtual scale and being able to work from home.
