Write a balanced essay on the question: “What is the relationship (if any) between pluralism, networked communication, participation and politics? Discuss your answer with reference to relevant debates on the public/counter public sphere(s).”
When talking about the public sphere please reference Habermas himself from here: https://www.jstor.org/stable/487737?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Otherwise please use the sources attached as a starting point for the required research. For the source “Media studies fascination with the concept of the public sphere: critical reflections and emerging debates” please do not quote that study itself but rather some of the works it refers to e.g.:
Almond GA and Verba S (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five
Nations. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
Breese EB (2011) Mapping the variety of public spheres. Communication Theory 21: 130149.
Calhoun C (ed.) (1992) Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Curran J (1991) Rethinking the media as public sphere. In: Dahlgren P and Sparks C (eds) Communication
and Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere in the New Media Age. London: Routledge.
Dahlgren P (2009) Media and Political Engagement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dayan D (2001) The peculiar public of television. Media, Culture & Society 23: 751773.
Downey J and Fenton N (2003) New media, counter publicity and the public sphere. New Media
& Society 5(2): 185202.
Ferree MM, Gamson WA, Gerhards J and Rucht D (2002) Four models of the public sphere in
modern democracies. Theory and Society 31(3): 289324.
Foucault M (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Fraser N (1990) Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory.
Cambridge: Polity Press.
Garnham N (1992) The media and the public sphere. In Calhoun C (ed.) Habermas and the Public
Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas J (1976) Legitimation Crisis. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Habermas J (1984) The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas J (1987) Knowledge and Human Interests. Cambridge: Polity.
Habermas J (1989 [1962]) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a
category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas J (1996) Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and
Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Holub RC (1991) Jrgen Habermas: Critic in the Public Sphere. London: Routledge.
Jensen KB (2010) Media Convergence: The Three Degrees of Network, Mass, and Interpersonal
Communication. London: Routledge
Keane J (1991) The Media and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Livingstone S and Lunt P (1994) Talk on Television: Audience Participation and Public Debate.
London: Routledge.
Luhmann N (1995) Social Systems. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Lunt P and Livingstone S (2012) Media Regulation: Governance and the Interests of Citizens and
Consumers. London: Sage.
Moe H (2010) Everyone a pamphleteer? Reconsidering comparisons of mediated public participa-
tion in the print age and the digital era. Media, Culture & Society 32: 691700.
Mouffe C (2000) Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism. Political Science Series,
Working Paper 72, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna. Available at: http://www.ihs.ac.at/
publications/pol/pw_72.pdf (accessed October 2012).
Outhewaite W (1994) Habermas: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Scannell P (1989) Public service broadcasting and modern public life. Media, Culture & Society
11: 135166.
Villa D (2008) Public Freedom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
White SK (1988) The Recent Work of Jrgen Habermas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
