Social presence has been discussed in several ways, namely, the degree of awareness of another person in an interaction, and the consequent appreciation of an interpersonal relationship. Social presence is the psychological sense of being together with perceived intelligence that simulates other minds (Biocca, Harms, & Burgoon, 2003, Nowak & Biocca, 2003). In other words, the degree to which a user feels access to the intelligence, intentions, and sensory impressions of another. Frank Biocca and Chad Harms (2002) proposed that social presence be measured at three levels: first as co-presence, which is a necessary but not sufficient requirement for the sense of social presence, second, the subjective level, which attempts to measure the psycho-behavioral accessibility of another interactant, and finally, the intersubjective level, which assesses within and cross-interactant symmetry. Social presence refers to the degree to which smart consumers perceive one as being present via the technology- human interface in a virtual or online communication environment (Lim, J. S., Hwang, Y., Kim, S., & Biocca, F. A. (2015). According to Catherine S. Oh, Jeremy N. Bailenson, and Gregory F. Welch (2018), social presence, which is the feeling of being there with a ″real″ person, is a crucial component of interactions that take place in virtual reality. Based on social presence theory, digital interfaces influence the ″sense of being with another″ in human-computer interactions (Frank Biocca, Chad Harms, and Judee K. Burgoon (2003). More broadly, it asserts that the media differ in their ability to convey the psychological perception that other people are physically present because of the media′s varying ability to transmit visual and verbal cues (Calefato, F., & Lanubile, F. (2010)). Other research defines social presence as telepresence, virtual presence, or mediated presence (Kwan Min Lee (2004), channel commitment, functional, emotional, and communal engagement (Lim, J. S., Hwang, Y., Kim, S., & Biocca, F. A. (2015), predictor of satisfaction within a computer-mediated conferencing environment (Gunawardena, Charlotte N.; Zittle, Frank J. (1997).
