This is an essay exam consisting of 5 questions; you must answer each of them.
You may use this link for the reading :
https://archive.org/details/constructionsofd0000unse_a6a8
• Do not include a title page or reference page, but do include your name on p. 1.
• Length. The answer to each question should be 2-3 single-spaced pages. The total length of your
exam therefore should be no more than 10-15 single-spaced pages.
• Number each answer and label each part (e.g., “a,” “b”).
• Formatting. Use 1” margins, single-spacing, and 12-point Times New Roman font.
• Content.
The questions cover readings and materials from the first half of the course, including
weeks 1-7. For your answers, develop as full and complete a response as possible, explain your
reasoning, and cite sources from the readings, notes, and course materials. Your answers should
clearly draw on these to substantiate claims. Edit for content, logic, grammar, spelling, etc.
Avoid excessive quotations; use your own words to present your reasoning.
Questions (number each question in your exam file)
Question 1. (a) Describe 2 definitions of deviance. (b) Explain why one might be viewed as more useful
than the other. Be clear about your criteria and reasoning, and draw on the readings.
Question 2. (a) Describe the causal logic of a theory (e.g., functionalism, anomie, differential
association, control, or constructionist). (b) Use it to explain a particular type of deviance.
Question 3. (a) Describe strategies that individuals use to reinforce or change perceptions others may
have of them as deviant. Explain how the strategies can reinforce or change others’ perceptions. Give
examples. (b) When, or under what conditions, would these strategies be effective and when would they
be ineffective? In each instance, explain why.
Question 4. (a) How do contextual factors (e.g., friendship networks, organizational culture) promote
deviance? (b) How do they inhibit it?
Question 5. (a) Drawing on the readings from the first half of the course, how might societal responses
