Write a research paper on the topic, “What are the world’s four civilizations?”The term-paper is to be done on a topic of your choice and must be chosen from the subject matter and time-period this class covers, meaning: World Civilizations, 3500BCE-1600CE . When choosing a topic, choose something you found interesting from the lectures or from the readings that you want to learn more about. If you are interested in your topic, your paper will generally be more enjoyable to write and more enjoyable to read. When choosing a topic DO NOT pick subjects that cover a long period of history, or that are too broad for such a short paper. DO NOT do a biography of a famous person, or the rise and fall of a dynasty or empire, or the history of an important state. Instead, you can pick one specific event in the career or history of a famous person or state, or one specific aspect of an important civilization to focus on. For example, you cannot do a paper on the life of Cleopatra. However, you can pick one important episode from her career to write about. The key is picking a topic that covers a relatively short period of time. (important battles for example that were usually one-day events work well) Also, DO NOT choose something too narrow or too ancient for which you will be unable to find sufficient information. DO NOT compare & contrast ancient topics or compare & contrast an ancient and a modern topic. You CANNOT use a paper you previously submitted in another class; this must be a new and original paper. The paper is to be between 5 (full) pages and 7 (full) pages of text (NO MORE & NO LESS), meaning between 1700 and 2350 words. (cover page/footnotes/bibliography etc. do not count towards page/word total) Do not use: large/small fonts, abnormal spacing, massive chapter subdivisions, outlines/numbered sequence points etc.) Do not use extended quotes (meaning more than a few lines). Use: double spacing, 12-point font and 1-inch margins. Use: Times New Roman font. For the paper you must use 4 sources (2 secondary and 2 primary): 2 Secondary Sources This means modern, scholarly books written by a university professor. . Journal articles from JSTOR (which must be at least 15 pages long) can also fulfill the secondary source requirements. Once you find some secondary sources (Ebooks or journal articles) these can lead you to other secondary sources. In particular, check the bibliographies of the books you find since they will list dozens of secondary sources (books and articles) the authors used which you can then easily find on the library website. REMEMBER: Articles from sites such as Wikipedia are UNACCEPTABLE, they cannot be used and will not fulfill this requirement. ALSO: The main textbook assigned for this class DOES NOT count towards fulfilling this requirement. Lecture notes DO NOT count as secondary sources. They represent my research and should not be used or cited in your paper. DO NOT use books/articles aimed at young people/children. DO NOT use books/articles that are too old (nothing from before 1960). DO NOT use anything with “Dictionary” or “Encyclopedia” in the title. 2 Primary Sources You also need two primary sources. This means works written by someone who lived during the time (or shortly thereafter) of the topic you are describing. You always want to find eyewitness accounts (if they exist) or accounts written by someone who was alive during the period of your topic. If these do not exist, then you want to find sources written by someone who lived shortly after the period of your topic. This could mean as much as a few centuries afterwards since these people would have access to sources that no longer exist today. For example, if you are writing a paper on Julius Caesar you would first use Caesar’s own accounts of his military campaigns. Then you could also find accounts written by his contemporaries such as Cicero before moving on to later authors who wrote biographies of Caesar or histories of his time. Some of these authors lived a few centuries later but are still acceptable because they often used contemporary sources that are now lost. Once you have the names of the ancient authors and the titles of their works you can then find these primary sources in the library or google them on the internet. Primary source material assigned for this class CAN be used towards fulfilling this requirement. The campus library also has a huge selection of primary sources translated into English for all periods of history no matter what your topic. Also, most primary sources can now be found online. It is acceptable to use the internet to fulfill the primary source requirement. Once you have the authors’ names and the titles of their works you can usually do an online search and find translations of the primary sources you need. Bibliography & Citations Your paper must have a proper bibliography page at the end (the bibliography page does not count towards the page total). The bibliography must contain all the information about each source you used. It must include the author’s name (last name first), the year the book was published, the title of the book (in italics), and the publisher. For a journal article, you must include the author’s name, year published, title (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), and page numbers. For primary sources either include the above information from the book along with the name of the translator or the information from the website where you found the source. In your paper all references and quotes must have proper citations. Since there will be a full citation in the bibliography you do not need a full citation in each citation. Instead in the citations only include the author’s name and the page number where you found your information. If the citation is from a primary source include the author’s name and page or chapter number. When trying to decide when to quote the sources, a few “rules of thumb” are useful. You should always cite the sources if you are using information from them that you did not already know (again don’t cite the lectures). Additionally, cite the sources or offer quotations when you think they enrich or support your point. For instance, if you are describing the cruelty of a particular ruler, offer a quote from a source that would make your point. Imagine that you were reading your paper in a presentation and think of the quotes as if they were pictures: whenever you would want to show the audience a picture to make your point or give them a better idea of what you mean, then add a quote. If you are making claims that may be controversial, then quotes/citations are even more important. Chicago, APA or MLA formatting are all OK (just make sure to pick 1 system & stick to it). These are the requirements. Do not turn in papers which ignore these requirements or your paper will be marked down (check the rubric for specifics). Late papers will be marked down as well: 1 letter grade for each day it is late. There are NO extensions for term papers. These papers must be your own work: PLAGIARISM IS ILLEGAL. Plagiarized papers will be given a zero and you will receive an F for the course. In addition, the matter will be referred to the university administration. Proofread your papers! Do not ruin an “A” paper with shoddy grammar/spelling etc. If you are having problems fulfilling these guidelines please talk to me or your TA. Suggestions 1. Your paper should have a clear thesis or argument within the introduction. The introduction itself is one of the most important parts of the paper. As a rough suggestion, the introductory paragraph (or few paragraphs) should introduce the subject of your paper, state your thesis, and offer some information on how the paper will be organized or how your argument will proceed. For instance, if the topic of your paper is the role/importance of the Praetorian Guard in the early Roman Empire, you could offer a thesis such as: “The Praetorian Guard exerted noticeable influence on the political system of the early Roman Empire, at least during key moments of crisis.” When commenting on the structure of your argument (or organization of the paper), you could write: “The terror carried out by Sejanus, the role of Macro in Gaius Caligula’s rise to the position of emperor, the conspiracy of Cassius Chaerea, and the insertion of Claudius by the Praetorian Guard all indicate that this elite body of troops was able to threaten, remove, and even install emperors during this period of the Empire.” In this example, your reader would know that you were going to discuss (1) Sejanus, (2) Macro/Caligula, (3) Cassius Chaerea’s conspiracy, and (4) Claudius in separate sections or paragraphs of your paper. That format could provide the general outline of your whole paper. One way of evaluating your introduction is to ask yourself: “If all of my paper blew away in the wind on the way to class and the professor could read only my introduction, would he know what my paper is about?” If not, then you may want to rework your introduction. I stress this because the best papers have the best introductions. 2. When trying to decide on the thesis of your paper, a few considerations are helpful. Ask yourself what drew you to the topic. If you had a specific question in mind, then providing the answer to that question could be a valid thesis. If you had no specific questions in mind, then you can look at the secondary literature you are reading for the paper (i.e. things written by modern scholars/historians) and see what their thesis is. Their thesis might give you ideas. An important consideration when deciding on a thesis is that you should only present a specific thesis when you have enough sources/evidence to argue for that conclusion. For instance, if you have a large number of sources (primary and secondary) that claim that Tiberius encouraged Sejanus in his reign of terror, then you are warranted in positing that as your thesis. If not, then you probably cannot argue that thesis effectively. 3. Likewise, when trying to decide on how to focus your paper, a major consideration should be the amount of material you have on each subject. In other words, write what the sources enable you to write. Another consideration is the “So what?” question: decide which elements are most important and interesting. Of course, I or your TA can provide suggestions on this matter. 4. When trying to decide what you need to explain or include in your paper, assume that your audience is made up of fellow classmates with fairly respectable attendance in our class. You may exclude things from your paper that they could be expected to know, except if it is essential to your subject. Anything that you feel is necessary to convince your reader of the truth of your thesis should be included. Likewise, facts that are completely irrelevant to your argument can probably be removed. 5. Think of your paper as a combination of narrative and argumentation. You are telling a story in your paper, but you want the reader to draw very specific conclusions from what you have said. Have enough narration (story-telling) to make sure your reader can follow the arguments, and enough argumentation that your reader understands the significance or meaning of the story you are telling. Textbook: https://www.chegg.com/textbooks/world-history-volume-i-4th-edition-9780534603649-0534603645?preSelection=Buy&c_id=sem&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=tb–long_tail-campaign_googleshoppingpmax&utm_content=&gclid=CjwKCAjw69moBhBgEiwAUFCx2NZiIRkQez0QpmLjLcjQ_b-KoRK6vNm0eiRFPuVSME6nldZnLUn-txoCcIkQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds https://www.chegg.com/textbooks/world-history-volume-i-5th-edition-9780495050537-0495050539?preSelection=Buy&c_id=sem&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=tb–long_tail-campaign_googleshoppingpmax&utm_content=&gclid=CjwKCAjw69moBhBgEiwAUFCx2LihM4DTSJYxcqhevl_UvoMD8L_Kvnev7cjCP0kYD4rvm7sgqp-TwhoCte8QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.dsLinks to an external site. Sourcebook Worlds of History, Volume 1: A Comparative Reader, to 1550 (archive.org)Links to an external site.
