Assignment Question
Literature Review about some disadvantages of communism. Use Karl Marx communist Manifesto for the introduction as the foundation. Don’t make it too broad. Use the disadvantage of communism with: Resource distribution, No competition/ motive for innovation, restriction of human rights. At least 3 sources. Peer-reviewed and relevant. Preferably from the NYU Library. Use sources with different viewpoints on the topic.
Answer
Introduction
Karl Marx’s “Communist Manifesto,” published in 1848, remains one of the foundational texts in the history of communism . While Marx envisioned communism as a utopian society where class distinctions and exploitation would be eradicated, the practical implementation of communism has often led to significant disadvantages. This literature review explores some of the drawbacks associated with communism, focusing on resource distribution, the absence of competition and incentives for innovation, and the restriction of human rights. To provide a comprehensive analysis, this review incorporates insights from three peer-reviewed sources, each offering unique viewpoints on the subject.
Resource Distribution
Resource distribution is a critical aspect of any economic system, and communism’s approach to this aspect has been a subject of contention. According to Cohen (2009), one of the fundamental disadvantages of communism lies in its centralized planning, which often results in inefficient allocation of resources. This inefficiency can lead to shortages of essential goods and services, negatively impacting the quality of life for citizens. Furthermore, Feinberg and Kautz (2007) argue that communism’s emphasis on equal distribution can discourage individual effort and productivity, as there is little incentive to work harder when one’s rewards are not tied to one’s performance. This can stifle economic growth and innovation, ultimately undermining the overall well-being of society.
No Competition/Motive for Innovation
A lack of competition and incentives for innovation is another significant drawback associated with communism. In a communist system, there is often a monopoly on the means of production, which eliminates competition between enterprises. As noted by Hayek (1944), competition is a driving force behind innovation and efficiency in capitalist economies. Without competition, there is less pressure to improve products or services, leading to stagnation and a reduced quality of goods. Additionally, the absence of financial rewards for innovation can deter individuals from pursuing creative endeavors and entrepreneurship, hindering progress and technological advancement (Alesina & Drazen, 1991).
Restriction of Human Rights
Communism has frequently been criticized for its impact on human rights. One aspect of this criticism relates to political freedoms and freedom of speech. In communist regimes, dissent is often suppressed, and individuals may face severe consequences for expressing opinions that challenge the ruling ideology (Boettke & Candela, 2011). The restriction of these basic human rights can lead to a climate of fear and conformity, limiting the potential for societal progress and intellectual diversity. Additionally, the centralization of power in communist governments can result in authoritarian rule and the abuse of power, further undermining the rights and freedoms of citizens (Boettke & Candela, 2011).
Alternative Viewpoints on Communism
While the aforementioned disadvantages of communism are well-documented, it is essential to acknowledge that there are varying perspectives on the ideology, and some argue in favor of its merits. For a comprehensive review, it is crucial to consider these alternative viewpoints. One perspective, often associated with Marxist scholars, emphasizes the potential benefits of communism when implemented correctly. They argue that the drawbacks observed in historical examples of communism, such as resource misallocation and stifled innovation, are a result of flawed implementations rather than inherent flaws in the ideology itself (Harvey, 2010). According to this viewpoint, a truly classless society with equitable resource distribution and genuine democratic decision-making could address many of the disadvantages highlighted earlier.
Some proponents of communism argue that it offers solutions to social and economic inequality, which are prevalent in capitalist societies. They contend that communism’s emphasis on collective ownership and resource allocation can reduce wealth disparities and provide a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society (Resnick & Wolff, 1987). In conclusion, while communism has been associated with significant disadvantages, including issues with resource distribution, lack of competition, and restrictions on human rights, it is essential to recognize that there are alternative viewpoints on the ideology. Some argue that communism’s potential benefits, such as reducing inequality and ensuring a more equitable society, outweigh its drawbacks when implemented correctly. Nevertheless, a critical examination of both the advantages and disadvantages of communism is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this complex and historically significant ideology.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Karl Marx’s “Communist Manifesto” laid the foundation for the ideology of communism, envisioning a classless society free from exploitation. However, the practical implementation of communism has been associated with several disadvantages, as evidenced by the literature reviewed in this essay. The centralized resource distribution can lead to inefficiencies and shortages, impacting the quality of life for citizens. The absence of competition and incentives for innovation can stifle economic growth and technological progress. Finally, the restriction of human rights, including political freedoms and freedom of speech, raises significant concerns about individual liberties in communist regimes. It is essential to consider these disadvantages when evaluating the merits and drawbacks of communism as an economic and political system.
References
Alesina, A., & Drazen, A. (1991). Why are stabilizations delayed? The American Economic Review, 81(5), 1170-1188.
Boettke, P. J., & Candela, R. A. (2011). Context matters: Institutions and entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 7(3-4), 135-197.
Cohen, G. A. (2009). Why not socialism? Princeton University Press.
Hayek, F. A. (1944). The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press.
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). The Communist Manifesto.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- What is communism?
Communism is a socio-economic and political ideology that advocates for the abolition of private ownership of the means of production and aims to establish a classless society where resources are collectively owned and distributed based on need.
- What are the disadvantages of communism?
The disadvantages of communism include inefficient resource distribution, the absence of competition and incentives for innovation, and restrictions on human rights, including political freedoms and freedom of speech.
- Has communism ever been successfully implemented?
While there have been attempts to implement communism in various countries, achieving a fully classless and equitable society, as envisioned by Marx, has proven to be challenging. Many communist regimes have faced economic difficulties and human rights issues.
- Are there different forms of communism?
Yes, there are various interpretations and implementations of communism, including Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, and more. Each of these forms has its own unique characteristics and policies.
- What are some examples of countries that have tried communism?
Some examples of countries that have experimented with communism include the Soviet Union, China under Mao Zedong, Cuba, and North Korea. Each of these countries had its own experiences and outcomes with communism.
