Assignment Question
effects of social media on mental health Main Points: low self esteem, anxiety, depression Extemporaneous delivery style
Assignment Answer
The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Low Self-esteem, Anxiety, and Depression
Introduction
In the age of digital connectivity, social media has become an integral part of our lives. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok have transformed the way we communicate, share information, and express ourselves. While social media offers numerous benefits, it also raises concerns about its effects on mental health. This essay delves into the effects of social media on mental health, specifically focusing on low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Over the past decade, research has increasingly explored the complex relationship between social media usage and mental well-being, shedding light on the potential risks and challenges posed by these platforms.
I. Low Self-esteem
Low self-esteem is a prevalent issue in modern society, and its association with social media usage has been extensively studied in recent years. Self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall sense of self-worth and self-value. It plays a crucial role in mental well-being, affecting one’s confidence, self-image, and ability to cope with life’s challenges. Social media platforms offer unique opportunities for individuals to present themselves to the world, often leading to comparisons and unrealistic expectations. This can have detrimental effects on self-esteem.
A. Social Comparison and Unrealistic Standards
One of the primary mechanisms through which social media impacts self-esteem is social comparison. On social media, individuals often present curated versions of their lives, showcasing their achievements, appearance, and lifestyle. When users see these idealized representations, they may compare themselves to these standards and feel inadequate. This constant exposure to seemingly perfect lives can erode self-esteem as individuals perceive themselves as falling short.
Vogel, Rose, Roberts, and Eckles (2014) conducted a study that highlighted the relationship between social media usage and social comparison. They found that higher use of Facebook was associated with increased social comparison, leading to lower self-esteem among college students. This demonstrates how the exposure to others’ carefully curated profiles can negatively impact self-esteem.
B. Cyberbullying and Shaming
Another factor contributing to low self-esteem in the context of social media is cyberbullying and shaming. The anonymity provided by these platforms can embolden individuals to engage in hurtful behavior, which can have severe consequences for victims’ self-esteem. Cyberbullying involves the use of electronic communication to harass or intimidate others, while shaming often involves public humiliation or criticism. Both practices can be particularly damaging to the mental well-being of those targeted.
Research by Hinduja and Patchin (2018) found a significant association between cyberbullying victimization and decreased self-esteem among adolescents. This indicates that the negative experiences individuals face on social media can lead to a decline in their self-esteem.
C. Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
The fear of missing out (FOMO) is a psychological phenomenon associated with social media that can contribute to low self-esteem. FOMO occurs when individuals feel anxious or inadequate because they believe others are experiencing better, more exciting, or more fulfilling events or opportunities. Social media’s constant stream of updates and activities can intensify FOMO, making individuals feel like they are missing out on the best parts of life.
Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell (2013) conducted a study that linked FOMO to lower psychological well-being and reduced life satisfaction. They found that the more time people spent on social media, the more likely they were to experience FOMO, which in turn had negative effects on self-esteem and overall mental health.
II. Anxiety
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health issues globally, and they have a complex relationship with social media. While social media can be a source of anxiety for some individuals, it can also serve as a platform for seeking support and connecting with others who share similar struggles.
A. Social Media-Induced Anxiety
The constant stream of information, social comparison, and the pressure to maintain an online persona can contribute to social media-induced anxiety. Social media platforms often foster a culture of perfectionism, where individuals feel compelled to present an idealized version of themselves. The fear of negative judgments or social repercussions can lead to heightened anxiety.
A study by Primack et al. (2017) explored the relationship between social media use and depression and anxiety symptoms among young adults. They found that higher social media use was associated with increased odds of high levels of both depression and anxiety symptoms. This suggests that the excessive use of social media can contribute to heightened anxiety levels.
B. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment
As mentioned earlier, cyberbullying and online harassment are significant concerns associated with social media, and they can have severe consequences for mental health. Anxiety often accompanies these experiences, as individuals may fear encountering further harassment or negative interactions online. The constant stress of potential online threats can lead to anxiety disorders.
A longitudinal study by Kowalski, Giumetti, Schroeder, and Lattanner (2014) found that adolescents who experienced cyberbullying reported higher levels of anxiety over time. This demonstrates the enduring impact of online harassment on anxiety levels and highlights the need to address such issues within the context of social media.
C. Information Overload
The vast amount of information available on social media can overwhelm users, contributing to anxiety. The constant barrage of news, opinions, and updates can make individuals feel inundated, anxious about missing out on important information, or distressed by the negative news they encounter.
A study by Primack et al. (2017) also identified information overload as a potential contributor to anxiety symptoms associated with social media. This suggests that the sheer volume of information available on these platforms can be a source of anxiety for some individuals.
III. Depression
Depression is a serious mental health condition that can be exacerbated by social media use. The constant exposure to idealized lives, negative social interactions, and the addictive nature of social media can contribute to the development or worsening of depression symptoms.
A. Social Isolation and Loneliness
Ironically, despite being platforms for social interaction, social media can sometimes lead to feelings of social isolation and loneliness. Excessive use of social media may substitute for real-world social interactions, reducing face-to-face communication and deepening feelings of loneliness.
Twenge and Campbell (2018) conducted research that linked increased social media use to feelings of loneliness among adolescents. They found that the more time individuals spent on social media, the more likely they were to report feelings of isolation, which is a significant factor in the development of depression.
B. Addictive Behavior
Social media platforms are designed to be addictive, encouraging users to spend more time on their apps. This addictive behavior can lead to a neglect of other activities and responsibilities, contributing to a sense of purposelessness and sadness.
A study by Elhai et al. (2017) investigated the relationship between social media addiction and depression. They found that social media addiction was positively correlated with depressive symptoms, suggesting that excessive use of these platforms may contribute to the development of depression.
C. Negative Social Comparisons
As mentioned earlier, social comparison on social media can lead to low self-esteem, but it can also be a direct trigger for depression. When individuals constantly compare themselves to others who seem happier, more successful, or more fulfilled, it can lead to feelings of hopelessness and despair.
A study by Fardouly et al. (2015) found that making social comparisons on Facebook was associated with increased depressive symptoms among young women. This indicates that the negative effects of social comparison can extend to the development of depression.
Conclusion
The impact of social media on mental health is a multifaceted and evolving area of research. While these platforms offer numerous opportunities for connection, self-expression, and information sharing, they also come with potential risks for low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Social comparison, cyberbullying, fear of missing out, and information overload are just some of the factors that can contribute to negative mental health outcomes.
It is essential to recognize that the relationship between social media and mental health is not entirely negative. Many individuals use social media as a means of seeking support, connecting with others who share similar struggles, and raising awareness about mental health issues. However, it is crucial to strike a balance between using social media as a tool for positive engagement and monitoring its potential negative effects.
To mitigate the adverse impact of social media on mental health, individuals can consider strategies such as limiting screen time, curating their online content to reduce negative comparisons, and seeking professional help when necessary. Additionally, social media platforms can take steps to address cyberbullying, promote healthy online behaviors, and provide resources for users who may be struggling with their mental health.
In conclusion, social media’s effects on mental health are complex and multifaceted. While there are risks associated with social media usage, it is important to recognize that not all users will experience negative outcomes, and many individuals can harness the benefits of these platforms for positive purposes. To better understand and address the impact of social media on mental health, ongoing research and open conversations are essential. By raising awareness and promoting responsible use, we can strive to create a healthier digital landscape for all users.
References
Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259.
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: the impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38-45.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2018). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 22(1), 6-31.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137.
Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., … & Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0182146.
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848.
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), 1018-1026.
Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206-222.
