There are 4 essay questions. Please be sure
to complete all of them with thorough
substantive responses. Citations are required
for all responses. There is no time limit. Note:
YOU MUST LEAVE A CITATION IN APA
FORMAT FOR EACH QUESTION RESPONSE.
Convert every citation into a “tinyurl”.
1. Individuals who smoke have much higher
rates of lung infection. Explain which first-line
defenses mechanisms may be impaired by
smoking, allowing pathogens to more readily
enter the lower respiratory tract.
2. The diagnosis of tuberculosis involves the
observation of lung structures called
tubercles on an X ray. What immunologic
process leads to the formation of tubercles,
and what type of immune cells may comprise
these lesions?
3. Provide an explanation in support of or
refuting the following statement: “Humans
would never develop natural immunity to a
novel biological agent created in a laboratory.”
4. Explain how super-antigens, such as toxic
shock syndrome toxin produced by
Staphylococcus aureus, often lead to the
development of life-threatening symptoms in
an infected individual.
