• Determine parental and offspring genotypes based on traits
• Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes for human traits using Punnett squares
• Use Punnett squares to predict the offspring of any mating given the genotypes of parents
• Describe the importance of sample size in an experiment
• Use probabilities and ratios to explain outcomes of crosses
• Convert ratios to probabilities and vice versa
• Calculate number of expected offspring based on predicted ratios or probabilities
• Explain the role of random error in experimental data
• Use X2 calculations to support or reject hypotheses
