reply to 4 students using 68 words or more towards each student and ADD a direct uestion to each reply. Ensure each name is with its corresponding reply.
1st Student David Kuyumchyan
The government of US made it mandatory that to involve the birth control measures in the health plan of all employees. The Hobby Lobby company ,which is an art and craft company owned by green family, run strictly on the biases of the owners religious belief( Sunday was given holiday for worship purpose ) was reluctant to follow this rule. They filed case in supreme court that this was against their religious belief and against the first amendment act that allow individuals right to continue their belief.
The constitutional implication was that the first amendments give the right for every US citizen to follow their own religious belief . Here court considered the profit making institution as individual citizen and passed the order in favor of the Hobby Lobby company. The court noticed that the new government rule of mandatory health plan is against first amendment right.
Hobby Lobby is a closely held cooperation that more than half of it’s outstanding stock is directly or indirectly owned by very few or 5 individuals during anytime .
Closely held cooperation made the company to consider as an individual unit as in the absence of clear definition of RFRA (Religious Freedom Restoration Act ). This may not be applicable to public owned company as this is not an individual unit and first amendment right guarantees individual religious freedom.
If the business is a separate person, as the Court has held in finding that the business has an independent Constitutional right, how can this “corporate person,” as an entity, manifest an independent religious belief as the first amendment also provide freedom of speech along with constitutional right .
The court decision is appreciable as it considered the right of individual rather than the mandatory rule of government. Their was controversy that it is denying women’s right but actually court was standing for US citizen.
2nd Student MG Unique
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, which exemplifies the constitutional consequences on business, is demonstrated by this case. The First Amendment is implicated because, according to its meaning, it bans the government from significantly troubling an individual’s practice of religion, even though the liability arises from a law of broad applicability, if not the government may reveal that the problem was applied to the individual (Mitchell, 2021). The court did not evaluate the company’s claims under the free exercise clause when it relied on the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA) to defend its religious liberty (Archer, 2019). The government infringed on Hobby Lobby’s First Amendment rights by enacting restrictions that conflicted with the owners’ religious views; Congress cannot establish legislation that prohibits the free practice of religion. According to the Supreme Court, the contraceptive requirement violates the impartial norms of wide application of a company owner’s religious views.
The IRS defines a tightly held company as one where more than half of the stock is owned (indirectly or directly) by fewer or five persons during the second half of the year. The Supreme Court focused on how profit-driven, tightly held businesses expressed their owners’ personalities to protect their stringent freedom (West, 2018). According to the Supreme Court, nothing in Justice Alito’s wording or thinking emphasized that corporate free exercise rights were created to safeguard “the religious liberty of the individuals who own and govern such corporations.” In his judgment, businesses with more scattered ownership cannot claim RFRA exemptions from other federal obligations (Mitchell, 2021). Justice Alito said that a corporation’s rights as a fictitious person were intended to safeguard the interests of actual people involved with the business. Because of this, nations will only intervene in religious matters if it is feasible.
A closely owned corporation safeguards the religious views or liberties of those who own and control the business. The court’s analysis of Hobby Lobby’s 1st Amendment rights made no difference. The case for religious liberty (Archer, 2019). The argument should hold for major publicly traded corporations since these firms employ a diverse range of employees with varying religious views that must be honored. The following are the social and political interests at stake, which the court attempted to balance in the legal context. (1) The Court presumes that the government’s concern in ensuring unfettered access to the four defied contraceptive methods is undeniable. Still, the same government has neglected to prove that the contraceptive requirement is the minimum preventive way of achieving that goal (Mitchell, 2021). (2) The Court supposes that the concern in ensuring unrestricted access to the four contraceptive approaches at issue is vital under the RFRA.
Congress is prohibited from enacting laws or policies that encourage or limit a person’s religious views and practices under the First Amendment. The terms “person” and “whoever” is defined in Section One of the United States Code (West, 2018). A company should be allowed to use the 1st Amendment to defend itself based on the owner(s)’ personal convictions as human beings. Since we all have distinct religious views, regardless of our socioeconomic status, everyone must accept this (Mitchell, 2021). As a separate entity, the company should issue a new internal policy following the First Amendment to ensure that all religious beliefs are honored and that no discrimination occurs.
In addition, I would like to point out that every firm, regardless of its nature, is made up of a diverse group of people. When it comes to religion, these people have a variety of beliefs. As business owners, we must recognize it and ensure that all these beliefs are honored and ensure that everyone in the company works in a discrimination-free atmosphere.
References
Archer, M. (2019). The Hobby Lobby Case and Arguments around an Equal Rights Amendment. Maine Policy Review, 28(2), 60-61.
Mitchell, D. T. (2021). Business as Usual: Hobby Lobby and the Purpose of Corporate Rights. Colum. Bus. L. Rev., 243.
West, T. L. (2018). When Corporations Go to Church: Free Exercise under Hobby Lobby. BU Pub. Int. LJ, 27, 37.
3rd Student Nathan Kline
With the boom of technology over the past few decades data is becoming more important than ever. This is especially true regardless of good or bad intentions. With technology, our data is being collected nearly all day long and being stored for later use.
Once raw data is collected, Descriiptive Statistics can be used to categorize and organize information for detailed usage. There are many different graphs that can be used to explain data to people. Some of the graphs used are the histogram, stem-and-leaf plot, pie chart, and bar graph.
Finding the minimum, maximum, mean, median, and mode will be important for many types of data categorization. Being able to show the median or average of data can be pertinent information. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau, tracks a lot of different information. One of the collections of data they have published is about how much of the adult population that have completed a Bachelor’s Degree. “In 2010, less than 30 percent of those 25 and older had completed a bachelor’s degree or higher, and in 2006, 28 percent had reached that level of education” (US Census, 2017). The percentage also rose to 33.4 percent in 2016. Furthermore, the Census used data to conclude that on average males over 25 with a bachelor’s degree earned nearly $80,000 while females of the same earned nearly $51,000. This is one example of how the average can be used to show data comprehendible to anyone. This information would be very important to someone determining if they need to complete their bachelor’s degree or not.
The Census’ information can be combined with information of lower and higher education to create a graph to further show importance of degrees compared to average annual salaries of each. All of the combined information was a selling factor to me personally of why I need to complete a Bachelor’s degree and Master’s degree prior to separating the military. I want to be able to secure the credentials to have a great job lined up before I retire from the AF.
References
US Census Bureau. (2017, March 30). Highest educational levels reached by adults in the U.S. since 1940. Census.gov.
4th Student Jacob Larson
According to the reading, data can take two main forms: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data describes things in a non-numerical manner. These include appearance and behavior. Quantitative data describes things using numbers. This can include weights, population sizes, or number of occurrences (Illowsky & Dean, 2013, p. 10). The sometimes sporadic qualitative data is often converted to quantitative data in order to be organized, summarized, and presented. In the book it shows an example on page 16 that converts ethnicity (qualitative measure) into quantitative data through the use of percentages portrayed in a bar graph.
The different sampling methods can also influence that nature of data. Some of these methods are convenience sampling, cluster sampling, and symmetric sampling. Convenience sampling occurs when a study uses past results. Cluster sampling involves separating the population into groups from which you could take samples. Symmetric sampling is when you take data in regular intervals. Depending on the type of sampling you use for a study, this can greatly sway the results. For instance, if convenience sampling was used, and you were using results from a biased study, your results would most likely reflect that bias as well. An example of this would be getting information form a study on the amount of people who eat pizza in the United States. If you are going off a study that only looked at the Northeast, then the results may show that a higher percentage of people in the United States enjoy eating pizza than is actually true (since the northeastern United States is known for pizza).
Illowsky, B. & Dean, S. (2013). Sampling and data. Introductory statistics (pp. 5-46). Houston, Texas: OpenStax.
