Will the two sets of chromosomes in daughter cells always be identical?

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Lab 4 – Mitosis

The process of mitosis is the same for plant and animal cells, with the exception of cytokinesis and the involvement of centrioles in formation of the spindle (in animal cells only). Since plant cells have a non-living cell wall made of cellulose surrounding every cell, when plant cells undergo cytokinesis they cannot simply undergo cleavage furrowing in the way that animal cells do. Plant cells form a structure called a cell plate across the equator of the cell in telophase. This structure deposits the new cell wall and forms the new cell membrane on either side of the cell plate by fusion of vesicles in the cytoplasm on either side of this new cell wall. The cell plate can be visible as a prominent straight line across the centre of the spindle in plant cell cytokinesis. Although we focus on animal cell processes in BBIO 053, the chromosomes are much denser and more easily distinguishable in onion root tip cells, so we are looking at both types of cell in this lab.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.
1. Provide a general descriiption of what the process of mitosis involves (no need to detail individual stages).

2. Name the phases of mitosis, and describe the characteristics of each phase. In this exercise the descriiptions of what you see in the slides is just as important as the drawings that you create.

Start the lab presentation and look at slide 1 for the onion root tip slide. Use the links at the bottom of the screen to navigate to other slides. The cells, particularly the whitefish cells, could be in any orientation. You may be looking at a polar view of the cell (from the top) or at an equatorial view (from the side). The pictures that you see in texts (and on the first slide in the presentation) are idealized. Mitosis is a continuous process and we are looking at “snap shots” of the process. Bear this in mind as you search for the stages of mitosis.

By looking specifically at the chromosomes or nucleus of individual cells, find a cell in Interphase or in one of the specific stages of Mitosis (you will find all stages, but can do your drawings in any order). Draw a biological diagram of that specific cell, in the appropriate grid below or on the next pages, showing what you actually see. Use the grid to identify the cells in the diagram on the slide. The grid on the slide will have letters across the top and numbers along the side: so A1 will be the upper left portion of the slide. Use these letters on your drawing to identify which cell and region of the slide you used to create your drawing. If you have not previously done Biological Drawings, the instructions are posted in eLearn with this lab for a reminder.

If you are unable to print this page and draw directly onto the grid provided below, use a separate page for your drawings, save them as pdf files and upload them with your report.

Onion Root Tip Interphase Whitefish blastula: Interphase

Onion root: Prophase Whitefish: Prophase

Onion root: Metaphase Whitefish: Metaphase

Onion root: Anaphase Whitefish: Anaphase

Onion root: Telophase and cytokinesis Whitefish: Telophase and cytokinesis

Questions

1. The slides were made with onion root tip and developing whitefish eggs. What is the reason that these particular samples were used?

2. Will the two sets of chromosomes in daughter cells always be identical?

3. In the video of a live cell undergoing mitosis, is the cell a

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