Were (1) economic and technological factors (linked to industrialization) or (2) cultural and political factors (linked to science, pseudo-science and nationalism) more important in motivating European colonialism in the nineteenth century?

Were (1) economic and technological factors (linked to industrialization) or (2) cultural and political factors (linked to science, pseudo-science and nationalism) more important in motivating European colonialism in the nineteenth century? Support your answer with specific examples from Africa, from India, and from China. Only use: “Cole, J. and Symes, C., Western Civilizations, Vol.2 Brief 5th New York, NY:W.W.Norton as the source.