Subject: Criminology Essay question: Not all serial killers have low activity of MAOA genes Brain intervention a. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (Feeser et al., 2014) (Sergiou et al., 2020) b. Anodal stimulation of the (right) vmPFC increases empathic ability and morality c. Prefrontal cortex PFC with anodal tDCS can reduce social exclusion, and the aggressive behaviour that emerges from this exclusion can reduce unprovoked aggressive behaviour and reduce the intentions of aggressive behaviour (4) The current intervention cannot cure all problems, do the public feel safer? Not all people with low activity of MAOA gene show high level of violence, but they are all being socially labelled as potential offenders in the system. It makes people feel more unsafe since they are stigmatized without committed any crime. (5) Ethical issues: Problems (Ryberg, 2019) Coercive treatment: Why imprisonment acceptable but neurointerventions seem unethical? Compulsory treatment: Is compulsory method morally acceptable? Treatment as punishment: Is the treatment part of the punishment? Role of physicians: Are doctors and scientists part of the criminal system? When using neurointerventions to treat aggressive behaviours, it will change the nature of our criminal justice system. Elaborate in a more dystopian criminological future. (6) Better ways: Aggressive behaviour program a. Established in the Regional Psychiatric Centre (RPC) in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. b. It provides high-intensity, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) treatment programs designed specifically for high-risk, high-need offenders, especially those who demonstrate low responsiveness to rehabilitative services. c. Have better understanding of why people become serial killers and commit extreme violent crimes. Family trees a. Gene × environment (G × E) interactions involving the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in moderating the associations between abuse or maltreatment exposure and antisocial behaviour (Fergusson et al., 2011). b. Although it is non-invasive, it creates stigmatisation which is still unethical. (7) Conclusion: A more social or political means to make people feel safer through reducing inequality.
