PLEASE ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ONE BY ONE THANK YOU THE BOOKS ARE FOUND ONLINE.
1. We began our exploration of corrections by looking at general views and how it was approached
in the middle ages. I indicated that at this time the world view was fantastic or fantasy with
belief in spirits and demons and gods. I also stated that this tied to their views on good and bad
conditions such as death, drought, rains, good or bad soil, things going well or bad generally. I
also explained how this tied to a connection whereby people felt they needed to be involved in
the correction of their neighbors and others in their community. Please explain the above in
more detail and how all this is relevant to early corrections.
2. In the middle ages they believed in Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory. Please explain how they viewed
these three places and how people got to one or the other after death.
3. In the middle ages, they utilized torture to correct people. Explain how torture was, in their view,
able to correct someone and help them relative to whether they went to Heaven, Hell, or
Purgatory after death.
4. The age of the enlightenment brought a new philosophy of the world which Cesare Beccaria
applied to justice by way of his Treatise which you have read. Explain how Beccaria saw Justice
and Corrections and how it differed from the view in the middle ages.
5. The Quakers and William Penn had a lot of concern over the jails and how corrections was being
approached in the colonies of America. Explain what the conditions were like in those early jails
and how they were approaching corrections generally.
6. Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush were impressed with Beccarias Treatise and, like William
Penn, concerned about the conditions inside the jails. They felt the key was to correct criminals
by making them have a penitent heart. Explain what they meant by penitent heart.
7. Franklin and Rush decided to build a prison design that would create a penitent heart. What did
they come up with/what prison design did they come up with that they felt would give someone a
penitent heart?
8. Walnut street jail was converted by way of this new design to become the first penitentiary in the
United States. It, however, ran into an immediate problem. What was that problem?
9. Eastern State Penitentiary was constructed from the vision/design of Franklin and Rush relative to
how to create a penitent heart. They came up with the Silent System. Explain what the silent
system was.
10. John Haviland won the contract to build Eastern State. What were some of the key architectural
elements in his design?
11. New York began construction on the Auburn Penitentiary shortly after the beginning of
construction of Eastern State. They took a slightly different approach and created what came to
be known as the Congregate System. Explain what the Congregate System was.
12. One of the big differences between the silent and the congregate system was related to the need
for punishment. The Congregate system required harsh punishment such as whipping and the
water closet. What was it about the Congregate System design that it end up requiring a lot of
punishment of inmates?
13. Alexis de Toqueville and Charles Dickens evaluated the Silent and Congregate system. What was
the conclusion of each of them?
14. These early penitentiaries, Eastern State and Auburn, became world famous. Why was the rest of
the world so interested in this experiment?
15. Rothman, in Chapter 3 of Discovery of the Asylum, talks about the early views on criminality in the
American republic and this is consistent with the worries that Franklin and Rush had. Why was
criminality such a concern in the early republic? HINT: What did they need to make the republic
work and what did they fear would destroy it?
16. What did they feel was the cause of criminality in the early republic?
17. In the early republic, they also became concerned with insanity. What were the early views on
insanity and how it was treated and then how did that view change such that insane asylums were
created?
18. You were required to read the beginning of the Prison Angel. Explain what Mother Antonia did in
the beginning scene with the riot.
19. Define Retributive Justice
20. Define Preventative Justice
21. Define Restorative Justice
22. Define Transformative Justice
23. I explained that the philosophies of justice appeared to be balanced for a short period of time and
this had to do with the power of the Minister being equal to that of the Warden. What were some
of the powers the Minister had inside these early penitentiaries?
24. What is a Prison Sketch?
25. What is a Panopticon and what is the Panoptic Effect? How was this used in the Congregate
