What factors hinder students with disabilities in gaining access to needed academic accommodations.

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What factors hinder students with disabilities in gaining access to needed academic accommodations. The paper should include: Purpose: The issue paper is really the precursor to a more comprehensive analysis. As such, the purpose of the issue paper is to not only provide decision makers with the background information necessary to become more familiar with the problem, but also to describe potential solutions, predict probable ramifications, and identify preferred education policies. The nature of the problem is explored providing a deeper appreciation for the interrelated and multiple definitions of the problem. Defining the problem makes it possible for the analyst to explore the scope and dynamics of the policy issue. From there the analyst is in a better position to identify and advocate for potential solutions. A. General Guidelines: There are four main sections to the capstone seminar issue paper. These are the initial pages, main body, references, and appendices (only ifnecessary). 1. Initial Pages: a. Numbering: Use smaller case Roman numerals except on the title page. The title page is counted but not numbered. Numbers should be located in the upper right hand corner. Please use these guidelines to help you. b. Required initial pages (in sequential order): 1. Title Page: See sample page for an example and instructions 2. Abstract Page: See sample page for an example and instructions 3. Table of Contents: List all chapters, section titles, and subdivision titles. The entry in the table of contents should exactly match the heading in the body of the paper and the page number(s). See sample page for an example and instructions. 4. List of figures: Follow the same format used for table of contents. Additionally, include the figure number and caption. Figures should be numbered consecutively in the paper. Do not forget to include any figures located in the appendix. 5. List of Tables: Follow the same format used for list of figures 2. Main Body: a. Numbering: Use Arabic numerals locating them in the upper right hand corner of the page. The title page is page one. b. Reference the APA style manual for instructions on the method for identifying sections and subsections. Any section or subsection heading coming at the bottom of the page should have at least two lines of text below it. c. Tables and figures: Maintain the same margin requirements as the rest of the paper. All tables and figures should be identified by number. Refer to all figures and tables by number. 3. References: Follow the APA style manual. 4. Appendices: Use only when appropriate. Material in an appendix supports the research but is not necessary to understand it. Appendices are labeled by capital letter. 5. Paper Length: While there is no maximum page requirement, the minimum length for the paper content (not including initial pages, references, or appendices) is 20pages C. Background Information 1. What is the focus of the analysis? Explain the various dimensions of the issue in education. An issue in education reflects the subjective judgment of a person that something which is not quite right in the environment can be addressed through further critical analysis. The trick is in trying to define the education issue in a way that it can be systematically analyzed and potential solutions identified. Because education issues represent an interdependent system of interrelated problems, problem definition becomes a major challenge. In this step, the analyst wants to examine the situation from various perspectives. Example: Low high school graduation rates among minority groups is best understood using data that measures educational quality, family involvement, neighborhood stability, strength of the local economy, crime, etc. 2. A Synopsis of the policy situation. Provide an overview of the environmental (social, political, economic, educational etc.) conditions surrounding the problem situation. Context can and does matter when trying to understand educational issues. Environmental conditions help shape our understanding of what is going on around us. Analysts need to know these conditions in order to gain a deeper appreciation for the choices made by others. 3. Assessment of past policy efforts. Discuss previous strategies and solutions for the identified problem or situation. What initiatives were employed? What were the outcomes? How were the efforts similar? How did the efforts differ? Example: Efforts to improve the quality of high school science education by increasing per student spending by $2000 per student yielded no significant change in standardized test scores. D. Significance of the Problem Situation 1. Scope and severity of the problem situation Clearly describe the problem situation. Identify and discuss exactly what is happening that is making people uncomfortable and looking to education leadership for a solution. 2. Explain why further investigation is necessary. Justify your analysis by explaining what will happen if the problem situation is not addressed. E. Problem Statement 1. Identification of the education problem. Clearly identify and define the specific problem you are going to address. In the previous section you were focused on problem situation or the general sense that something is not quite right or satisfactory in the environment. In this section you will identify a specific educational issue or problem to address. You might think of the issue as a subset of the problem situation. 2. Identification of the education issue Clearly identify and define the specific issue you are going to address. The education issue is a subset of the problem. It is the part of the problem that can be analyzed and addressed. 3. Method used to analyze the education issue Clearly identify and define the methodology used to analyze the education issue. The methodology section in the Issue Paper will look very different than one found in the Research Paper, but it still needs to be included. Instead of talking about the methodology YOU would use to conduct a study on this issue, instead discuss the methodologies that HAVE been used to study the issue. Using the articles you discussed in the literature review, you would now discuss the research methods they used to test their research questions and hypotheses, develop their models, and analyze their data. In order to do this successfully, it is going to be VERY important that you have located sources that contain empirical research with original data collection. If all or most of your sources are from websites, or brief reports, this is going to be very difficult to do. Remember: The success of this project rests on your ability to make educated and practical recommendations for education to follow based on your thorough and complete analysis of your chosen issue. These recommendations need to be data-driven, so in order to fully analyze an issue, you must fully evaluate the data-driven research that exists on your topic. If all you find in some of your sources are just references to or comments about research studies that have been conducted on your topic, it is your task to go find these actual studies and include them in your paper (lit review and methodology sections), not the policy briefs where they were only mentioned or briefly discussed. The format of the methodology section is similar to the format of the literature review. You do NOT discuss the entire methodology article by article. Instead, use subheadings such as Sample, Procedures, Measures/Instruments, and Data Analysis Plan. For example, under the Sample subheading, you would discuss the sample sizes and sample demographics from ALL articles, then move on to discuss the Procedures from ALL studies under the next subheading and so forth. If you have some studies that utilize qualitative methods and some that use quantitative methods, you may want to organize each subheadings discussions accordingly so that like methods are grouped together. Also similar to the literature review, you will want to point out any limitations and/or flaws in each study’s methodology as additional justification for why your idea or proposal (presented in the problem statement that follows the methodology section) is necessary. In addition, discuss how you went about collecting the information for your paper. How did you find the relevant literature that you analyzed and presented in this paper? What search engines or databases did you use? How far back did you go? How exhaustive was your search (how many studies on the topic did you find – and how many did you subsequently include in this analysis?). This discussion is important for two reasons. One, a review of methodology used in previous articles might provide the justification for your current project. Perhaps there are methodological flaws in previous studies and you are recommending a new procedure for how future studies need to be conducted (something that can be discussed in detail in your analysis and/or recommendations section). Second, in the issue paper, you are still presenting a problem that you are attempting to address. So how are you going to address this problem? In theory, you are going to present a literature review that summarizes what we know about the issue and during that discussion, you are highlighting the limitations of this previous research along the way. Most issue papers will end with recommendations that are either directed at future research or practical application. If you are making recommendations for future research, you could propose the NEXT study to examine this topic needs to include the following components (perhaps specific variables, sample population characteristics, data collection method, data analysis plan, etc.). If you are making practical recommendations of what administrators, instructional coaches, educators or others in education institutions need to do in response to all of this research, then detail a plan of how this communication should take place, with whom this should be shared within the institution, and any procedure or policy changes the institution should make to reflect the research findings on this topic. 4. Who are the stakeholders? The primary and secondary stakeholders should be identified and prioritized. Primary stakeholders are those directly affected by the education issue. Secondary stakeholders are those who are only indirectly affected by the education issue. 5. Identify and define the goals and objectives of the institutional or organizational imperative. Goals are the broad targets established by the leadership of the organization or institution. They are not quantifiable and do not imply a time frame. Objectives are specific, quantifiable, and can be achieved in a specific period of time. F. Education Issue Alternatives 1. Describe possible alternative solutions. There are an infinite number of alternative solutions. The analyst needs to identify the most relevant and plausible alternatives explaining why these were chosen. 2. How will the alternatives be compared? Methods for making comparisons include cost/benefit analysis, cost/effectiveness statistical analysis, case studies, etc. 3. Have all relevant spillovers and externalities been included in the analysis? Identify that you have considered if there will be a cost or impact to the solutions you are advocating; this might include internal and external stakeholders. 4. Are all legitimate and practical constraints (. legal, financial, social, political, and technological) being considered and evaluated? G. Recommendations 1. What are the criteria used to make the recommendation? 2. Clearly identify the preferred solution and/or strategy. 3. Discuss the strategy for implementing the preferred solution and/or strategy 4. How will the policy be monitored and evaluated? 5. What are the potential unintended consequences with the recommendation?Show more

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